Purchase instant access (PDF download and unlimited online access):
Joachim Christian Franz Schulz converted to Islam and adopted the name Emin Efendi around 1850. He belonged to the group of very well-educated European experts that the Ottoman state actively recruited during the Tanzimat period in order to push the reform process. He began his career in one of the central institutions of the state, the Translation Office of the Sublime Porte (Bâb-i Âli Tercüme Odası), served as a criminal judge, and was eventually appointed founding director of the first modern law school in 1879. Emin Efendi was an extraordinarily important figure for the establishment and development of the judicial education according to the Western model. As the founding director of the Mekteb-i Hukûk he shaped the guidelines for a systematic education of lawyers and laid the foundation of the later Istanbul University Faculty of Law. Although he was a convert and his ‘Prussian nature’ sometimes irritated those around him, his extensive knowledge of both Islamic and Western law made him highly respected among his students and Ottoman dignitaries, such as Ahmed Cevdet Pasha, who patronized him. Given his central role in the modernization process and his prominence, there is surprisingly little information about him. After a brief biographical overview, the article focuses on Emin Efendi’s professional activities and network. For this purpose, archival documents from German archives are used in addition to Ottoman sources.
BOA – T. C. Cumhurbaşkanlığı Devlet Arşivleri Başkanlığı, Osmanlı Arşivi, Turkey
DH.SAİD Dahiliye Nezareti Sicill-i Ahval Komisyon Defterleri
StAHH – Staatsarchiv Hamburg, Germany
Nachlass Emin Effendi
PA-AA – Politisches Archiv des Auswärtigen Amtes, Germany
Istanbul 98, Acta des Kaiserlich Deutschen General Konsulates in Sachen Emin Effendi (Ableben & Nachlaß)
Osmanische Post, Istanbul, 1892
Sa‛âdet, Istanbul, 1308 (1892)
Tercüman-ı Hakikat, Istanbul, 1306 (1888)
Abdurrahman Âdil, ‘Ḥâkimiyet-i Halḳ ve Ali Su‛âvî’, Ḥâdisât-i Ḥuḳûḳîye 4, no. 6 (1922): pp. 73–74.
Abdurrahman Âdil [Eren], ‘Yarım asır evvel Hukuk Mektebi’, Taṣvîr-i Efkâr, 4 August 1938, p. 4.
Mehmed Süreyya, Sicill-i ‘osmânî yâhud tezkere-i meşâhîr-i ‘osmânîyye, vol. 1 (İstanbul: Matbaa-i Âmire, 1308 [1890/1]).
Akyıldız, Ali, Tanzimat Dönemi Osmanlı Merkez Teşkilatında Reform (1836–1856) (İstanbul: Eren, 1990).
Balcı, Sezai, Babıâli Tercüme Odası (İstanbul: Libra, 2013).
Berchtold, Johannes, Recht und Gerechtigkeit in der Konsulargerichtsbarkeit: Britische Exterritorialität im Osmanischen Reich 1825–1914 (München: Oldenbourg, 2009).
Batır, Betül, ‘Türk Eğitim Reformunda Bir İsim: Münif Paşa’, Hasan Ali Yücel Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, no. 2 (2004): pp. 11–24.
Beydilli, Kemal, ‘Sâdık Mehmed Paşa’, in DİA, vol. 35 (İstanbul: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı, 2008), pp. 397–399.
Beydilli, Kemal, ‘Mehmed Ali Paşa, Müşir’, in DİA Ek 2 (Ankara: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı, 2019), pp. 218–220. Url: https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/mehmed-ali-pasa-musir
Beyhan, Mehmet Ali, ‘Bir II. Abdülhamid Devri Aydını’nın Profili: Lastik Said Bey’, Osmanlı Araştırmaları 13, no. 13 (1993): pp. 167–205.
Bilsel, Cemil, ‘Devletler Hukuku Mu? Devletler Arası Hak Mı?’, İstanbul Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Mecmuası 6, no. 4 (1940): pp. 631–644.
Çankaya, Ali Mücellidoğlu, Son Asır Türk Târihinin Önemli Olayları İle Birlikte Yeni Mülkiye Tarihi ve Mülkiyeliler, vols 1–2 (Ankara: Mars Matbaası, 1968).
Dadyan, Saro, Osmanlı Ermeni Aristokrasisi (İstanbul: Everest Yayınları, 2011).
Davison, Roderic H., Reform in the Ottoman Empire, 1856–1876 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1963).
Davison, Roderic H., ‘Environmental and Foreign Contributions: Turkey’, in Political Modernization in Japan and Turkey, edited by Robert E. Ward and Dankwart A. Rustow (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1964), pp. 91–116.
Deringil, Selim, Conversion and Apostasy in the Late Ottoman Empire (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012).
Dölen, Emre, Osmanlı Döneminde Darülfünun 1863–1922 (İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi, 2009).
Ergin, Osman, Türkiye Maarif Tarihi, vols 3–4 (İstanbul: Eser Matbaası, 1977).
Findley, Carter V., Turkey, Islam, Nationalism and Modernity: A History, 1789–2007 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2010).
Fuhrmann, Malte, ‘Istanbul, die Deutschen und das 19. Jahrhundert – Wege, die sich kreuzen’, in Daheim in Konstantinopel: Deutsche Spuren am Bosporus ab 1850 / Memleketimiz Dersaadet: 1850’den İtibaren Boğaziçi’ndeki Alman İzleri, edited by Erald Pauw (Nürnberg: Pagma Verlag, 2014), pp. 24–37.
Galib, Mehmed and Ali Rıza, XII. Asr-ı Hicrîde Osmanlı Ricâli geçen Asırda Devlet Adamlarımız, vol. 1 (İstanbul: Tercüman, 1977).
[Gövsa], İbrahim Alâettin, Meşhur Adamlar. Hayatları – Eserleri, edited by Sedat Simavi, vol. 1 (İstanbul, 1933–1935).
Hanioğlu, M. Şükrü, A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2008).
Heuss, Theodor, Schattenbeschwörung: Randfiguren der Geschichte (Tübingen: Klöpfer, Meyr & Co, 1999).
İnal, İbnülemin Mahmud Kemal, Osmanlı Devrinde Son Sadrıâzamlar, vols 1–2 (İstanbul: Milli Eğitim Basımevi, 1964).
Işın, Ekrem, editor, Yaşamları ve Yapıtlarıyla Osmanlılar Ansiklopedisi, vol. 1 (İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları, 2008).
Karaca, Şahika, ‘Modernleşme Döneminde Bir Kadın Yazarın Portresi’, Bilig, no. 57 (2011): pp. 115–134.
Kavas, Ahmet, ‘Mehmed Sadık Paşa’, in Yaşamları ve Yapıtlarıyla Osmanlılar Ansiklopedisi, vol. 2, edited by Ekrem Çakıroğlu (İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları, 2008), pp. 181–182.
Köse, Yavuz, ‘“Meine Studenten sind alle bärtige Leute” – Notizen zum Leben und Wirken von Joachim Schulz alias Prusyalı Emin Efendi (1813–1892)’, in Osmanen in Hamburg: Eine Beziehungsgeschichte zur Zeit des Ersten Weltkrieges, edited by Yavuz Köse (Hamburg: Hamburg University Press, 2016), pp. 45–69.
Koyuncu, Nuran, ‘Hukuk Mektebinin Doğuşu’, Gazi Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 16, no. 3 (2012): pp. 163–183.
Kurnaz, Şefika, Osmanlı Kadın Hareketinde Bir Öncü Emine Semiye (İstanbul: Timaş Yayınları, 2008).
Muhtaroğlu, Nazif, ‘Ali Sedâd Bey: Hayatı ve Eserleri’, in Ali Sedâd Bey, Kavâʿidu’t- Tahavvülât fî Harekâti’z-Zerrât (Parçacıkların Hareketlerindeki Dönüşümün İlkeleri), edited by Nazif Muhtaroğlu and Bilal Ayan (İstanbul: Çizgi Kitabevi Yayınları, 2020), pp. 11–16.
Nâzım, Mehmed, Mekteb-i Hukuk Günlerim, edited by Ali Adem Yörük (Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu, 2012).
Neumann, Christoph K., ‘“Ein Osmane” und die Osmanen – Andreas David Mordtmann d. Ä. als Beobachter des geistigen Lebens im Osmanischen Reich seiner Zeit’, in Daheim in Konstantinopel: Deutsche Spuren am Bosporus ab 1850 / Memleketimiz Dersaadet: 1850’den Itibaren Boğaziçi’ndeki Alman İzleri, edited by Erald Pauw (Nürnberg: Pagma Verlag, 2014), pp. 92–108.
Özcan, Mehmet Tevik, ‘Istanbul Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesinin kurumlaşmasının tarihçesi’, İstanbul Hukuk Fakültesi Mecmuası 61, no. 1–2 (2003): pp. 85–174.
Pakalın, Mehmed Zeki, Sicill-i Osmanî Zeyli: Son Devir Osmanlı Meşhurları Ansiklopedisi, vol. 5 (Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu, 2008).
Palabıyık, Mustafa Serdar, ‘International Law for Survival: Teaching International Law in the Late Ottoman Empire (1859–1922)’, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 78, no. 2 (2015): pp. 271–292.
Pschichholz, Christin, ‘Migration, preußische Außenpolitik und protestantische “Diaspora”’, in Daheim in Konstantinopel: Deutsche Spuren am Bosporus ab 1850 / Memleketimiz Dersaadet: 1850’den İtibaren Boğaziçi’ndeki Alman İzleri, edited by Erald Pauw (Nürnberg: Pagma Verlag, 2014), pp. 40–56.
Reinkowski, Maurus, ‘Das Osmanische Reich und Europa’, in Die Türkei und Europa: Eine wechselhafte Beziehungsgeschichte, edited by Hein Kramer and Maurus Reinkowski (Stuttgar: Verlag W. Kohlhammer, 2008).
Rubin, Avi, The Nizamiye Court: Law and Modernity (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011).
Sakaoğlu, Necdet, ‘Hukuk Mektebi’, in Dünden Bugüne İstanbul Ansiklopedisi, vol. 4 (İstanbul: Tarih Vakfı, 2003), pp. 94–95.
Schoeps, Hans-Joachim, Preussen. Bilder und Zeugnisse (Berlin: Propyläen, 1967).
Turan, Ali, ‘Abdurrahman Âdil Eren’in (1868–1942) Hayatı, Eserleri ve Mahkeme-i Temyiz Adlı Eserinin Tahlili’, Türk Hukuk Tarihi Araştırmaları 23 (2017): pp. 57–81.
Tóth, Heléna, An Exiled Generation: German and Hungarian Refugees of Revolution 1848–1871 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014).
Uluköse, Güven Taneri, Fatma Aliye: Bir Biyografi (İstanbul: Cinuis Yayınları, 2013).
Völker, Tobias, ‘Vom Johanneum an die Hohe Pforte – das Leben und Wirken des Hamburger Orientalisten und Diplomaten Andreas David Mordtmann d. Ä.’, in Osmanen in Hamburg. Eine Beziehungsgeschichte zur Zeit des Ersten Weltkrieges, edited by Yavuz Köse (Hamburg: Hamburg University Press, 2016), pp. 25–44.
Yörük, Ali Adem, ‘Mekteb-i Hukuk’un kuruluşu ve faaliyetleri (1878–1900)’ (MA Thesis, Marmara Üniversitesi, İstanbul, 2008).
All Time | Past 365 days | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 93 | 93 | 3 |
Full Text Views | 1 | 1 | 0 |
PDF Views & Downloads | 2 | 2 | 0 |
Terms and Conditions | Privacy Statement | Cookie Settings | Accessibility | Legal Notice | Sitemap | Copyright © 2016-2025