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This chapter draws on the archives of the American Presbyterian Mission to evaluate the development of Protestant primary and secondary schools in Shandong Province between 1860 and 1920. The American Presbyterians perceived modern education as a key to winning the hearts and minds of the Chinese and intensified their efforts to build an extensive network of mission schools in rural Shandong. These mission schools not only provided students with practical knowledge and marketable skills to move up the social ladder, but also contributed to the sociocultural betterment of local communities and advanced the province’s modernization.