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This chapter starts by posing the question of if the Ottomans were in such dire straits in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, how did they manage to last so long, surviving into the twentieth century? The argument here is that the Ottomans employed various repertories that successfully allowed them to manage transitions in institutions and power balances among elite groups as well as the diversity of their populations. In almost continual transformation rather than decline, the Ottomans managed to prolong their empire well into the nineteenth century, when, arguably, the real decline began.