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Mosques are an outstanding architectural feature of the urban configuration of medieval Islamic cities. These cities have a network of oratories that determine the layout of their medina and suburban areas. In Cordoba, the church of the convent of Santa Clara conceals—under an extended sequence of liturgical transformations, functional enlargements, and structural repairs—the remains of a mosque in the medina district of the caliphate period. In this contribution, the result of a review of the mosque within the framework of building archaeology, we aim to contribute to the knowledge of this monument and provide material arguments to explain the transition from antiquity to the late Middle Ages in an area of the city close to the Aljama Mosque.