12 Variation as a Social Device: ‘Middle Egyptianisms’ in Old Kingdom Letters
In: Variability in the Earlier Egyptian Mortuary TextsSearch for other papers by M. Victoria Almansa-Villatoro in
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Abstract
In this paper I analyze linguistic variation in Old Kingdom personal correspondence as an indicator of sender’s intentions, hierarchy with respect to the addressee, and context’s prestige. After defining the concept of linguistic variation and its social variables, I present evidence of archaisms (Pyramid Texts features) and innovations (Middle Egyptian features) in their specific epistolary context. I set out to answer two main questions: 1) Is it accurate to define Old Egyptian as a homogeneous linguistic stage in light of its variability from The Pyramid Texts to sixth dynasty letters (diaphasic dimension)? 2) Is there a connection between hierarchy and different linguistic expressions (diastratic dimension) in the Old Kingdom letters? Touching upon the theoretical frameworks of (Im-)Politeness and Speech Acts Theory, I investigate what other parameters can correlate and predict linguistic variation in context. My results show that sender’s intentions, and their willingness to manifest a specific emotional state play the most crucial role in linguistic choice. I ultimately argue that earlier Egyptian grammatical research and teaching should prioritize social and media variables over diachronical boundaries.