Chapter 12 Christian Identity through a Threefold Declaration in the Martyrdom of Polycarp

In: “The Teaching of These Words”: Intertextuality, Social Identity, and Early Christianity
Author:
Paul Anthony Hartog
Search for other papers by Paul Anthony Hartog in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close

Purchase instant access (PDF download and unlimited online access):

$40.00
  • Collapse
  • Expand
  • Baker, Coleman A. Identity, Memory, and Narrative in Early Christianity: Peter, Paul, and Recategorization in the Book of Acts. Eugene, OR: Pickwick, 2011.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Baker, Coleman A.Social Identity Theory and Biblical Interpretation.” BTB 42 (2012): 129138.

  • Berger, Peter, and Thomas Luckmann. The Social Construction of Reality: A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1966. Repr., London: Penguin, 1967.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Bickerman, Elias J.The Name of Christians.” HTR 42 (1949): 122124.

  • Bowersock, G. W. Martyrdom and Rome. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.

  • Brannan, Rick, ed. trans. The Apostolic Fathers: A New Translation. Bellingham, WA: Lexham, 2019.

  • Bremmer, Jan M.Why Did Jesus’ Followers Call Themselves ‘Christians’?” Pages 312 in Maidens, Magic and Martyrs in Early Christianity. WUNT 2/379. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2017.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Buell, Denise Kimber. Why This New Race: Ethnic Reasoning in Early Christianity. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994.

  • Bultmann, Rudolf. The Gospel of John: A Commentary. Johannine Monograph Series 1. Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock, 2014.

  • Buschmann, Gerd. Das Martyrium des Polykarp. KAV 6. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1998.

  • Cadoux, Cecil John. Ancient Smyrna: A History of the City from the Earliest Times to 324 AD. Oxford: Blackwell, 1938.

  • Camelot, P. Th., ed. trans. Ignace d’Antioche, Polycarpe de Smyrne: Lettres, Martyre de Polycarpe. 2nd ed. SC 10. Paris: Cerf, 1998. Repr., 2007.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Caulley, Thomas Scott. “The Title Christianos and Roman Imperial Cult.” ResQ 53 (2011): 193206.

  • Cobb, L. Stephanie. Dying to Be Men: Gender and Language in Early Christian Martyr Texts. New York: Columbia University Press, 2008.

  • Culpepper, R. Alan. “Peter as Exemplary Disciple in John 21:15–19.” PRSt 37 (2011): 165178.

  • de Boer, Martinus C.The Nazoreans: Living at the Boundary of Judaism and Christianity.” Pages 239262 in Tolerance and Intolerance in Early Judaism and Christianity. Edited by Graham M. Stanton and Guy G. Stroumsa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • de Kruijf, Theo C.The Name Christians: A Label or a Challenge?Bijdr 59 (1998): 319.

  • Dehandschutter, Boudewijn. Martyrium Polycarpi: Een Literair-Kritische Studie. BETL 52. Leuven: Universitaire Pers Leuven, 1979.

  • Dehandschutter, Boudewijn. Polycarpiana: Studies on Martyrdom and Persecution in Early Christianity: Collected Essays. Edited by Johan Leemans. BETL 205. Leuven: Leuven University Press, 2007.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Delling, Gerhard. “τρεῖς, τρίς, τρίτος.” TDNT 8: 216225.

  • den Boeft, Jan, and Jan M. Bremmer. “Notiunculae Martyrologicae III: Some Observations on the Martyria of Polycarp and Pionius.” VC 39 (1985): 110130.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Doosje, Bertjan, Naomi Ellemers, and Russell Spears. “Commitment and Intergroup Behaviour.” Pages 84106 in Social Identity: Context, Commitment, Content. Edited by Naomi Ellemers, Russell Spears, and Bertjan Doosje. Oxford: Blackwell, 1999.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Ehrman, Bart D., ed. trans. The Apostolic Fathers. 2 vols. LCL. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2003.

  • Esler, Philip F.An Outline of Social Identity Theory.” Pages 1339 in T&T Clark Handbook to Social Identity in the New Testament. Edited by J. Brian Tucker and Coleman A. Baker. London: Bloomsbury T&T Clark, 2016.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Esler, Philip F.Prototypes, Antitypes, and Social Identity in First Clement: Outlining a New Interpretive Model.” ASEs 24.1 (2007): 125146.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Eusebius of Caesarea, Eduard Schwartz, and Theodor Mommsen. Die Kirchengeschichte: Die lateinische Übersetzung des Rufinus. 2 vols. Eusebius Werke 2.1, 2 (GCS 9.1, 2). Leipzig: Hinrichs, 1903, 1908.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Fuchs, Harald. “Tacitus über die Christen.” VC 4 (1950): 6593.

  • Gilbert, Gary. “Roman Propaganda and Christian Identity in the Worldview of Luke- Acts.” Pages 233256 in Contextualizing Acts: Lukan Narrative and Greco-Roman Discourse. Edited by Todd C. Penner and Caroline Vander Stichele. SymS 20. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2003.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Glimm, Francis X., trans. “Martyrdom of Polycarp.” Pages 145163 in The Apostolic Fathers. Translated by Francis X. Glimm, Joseph M. F. Marique, and Gerald G. Walsh. FC 1. Washington DC: Catholic University of America Press, 1947.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Goodspeed, Edgar J., ed. trans. The Apostolic Fathers: An American Translation. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1950.

  • Harland, Philip A. Dynamics of Identity in the World of Early Christians: Associations, Judeans, and Cultural Minorities. New York: T&T Clark, 2009.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Hartog, Paul A. Polycarp’s Epistle to the Philippians and the Martyrdom of Polycarp: Introduction, Text, and Commentary. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Haslam, S. Alexander. Psychology in Organizations: The Social Identity Approach. London: SAGE, 2001.

  • Henaut, Barry W. Oral Tradition and the Gospels: The Problem of Mark 4. JSNTSup 82. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic, 1993.

  • Hilgenfeld, Adolf. “Polykarp von Smyrna.” ZWT 17 (1874): 305345.

  • Hinkle, Steve, and Rupert Brown. “Intergroup Comparisons and Social Identity: Some Links with Lacunae.” Pages 4870 in Social Identity Theory: Constructive and Critical Advances. Edited by Dominic Abrams and Michael A. Hogg. London: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1990.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Hogg, Michael A.Self-Categorization Theory.” Page 726 in Encyclopedia of Group Processes & Intergroup Relations. Edited by John M. Levine and Michael A. Hogg. London: SAGE, 2010.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Hogg, Michael A.Social Identification, Group Prototypicality, and Emergent Leadership.” Pages 197212 in Social Identity Processes in Organizational Contexts. Edited by Michael A. Hogg and Deborah J. Terry. Philadelphia: Psychology Press, 2001.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Hogg, Michael A., and Scott A. Reid. “Social Identity, Self-Categorization, and the Communication of Group Norms.” Communication Theory 16 (2006): 730.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Hogg, Michael A., and Deborah J. Terry. “Social Identity and Self-Categorization Processes in Organizational Contexts.” Academy of Management Review 25 (2000): 121140.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Holmberg, Bengt, and Mikael Winninge, eds. Identity Formation in the New Testament. WUNT 2/227. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2008.

  • Holmes, Michael W., ed. trans. The Apostolic Fathers: Greek Texts and English Translations. 3rd ed. Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2007.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Hoole, Charles H., ed. trans. The Apostolic Fathers. London: Rivingtons, 1872.

  • Horrell, David G.The Label Christianos: 1 Peter 4:16 and the Formation of Christian Identity.” JBL 126 (2007): 361381. Repr. and rev. pp. 164–210 in Becoming Christian: Essays on 1 Peter and the Making of Christian Identity. LNTS 394. London: T&T Clark, 2013.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Horrell, David G.‘Race,’ ‘Nation,’ ‘People’: Ethnic Identity-Construction in 1 Peter.” NTS 58 (2012): 123143.

  • Howell, Kenneth J. Ignatius of Antioch & Polycarp of Smyrna: A New Translation and Theological Commentary. Rev. ed. Early Christian Fathers 1. Zanesville, OH: CHResources, 2009.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Judge, Edwin A.The Social Identity of the First Christians: A Question of Method in Religious History.” JRH 11 (1980): 201217. Repr. pp. 117–135 in Social Distinctives of the Christians in the First Century: Pivotal Essays. Edited by David M. Scholer. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 2008.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Karpp, Heinrich. “Christennamen.” RAC 2: 1132.

  • Keener, Craig S. Acts: An Exegetical Commentary. 4 vols. Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2012–2015.

  • Khomych, Taras. “A Forgotten Witness: Recovering the Early Church Slavonic Version of the Martyrdom of Polycarp.” Pages 223233 in Martyrdom and Persecution in Late Antique Christianity. Edited by Johan Leemans. BETL 241. Leuven: Peeters, 2010.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Koester, Craig R.‘Were You There?’ (John 18–19): Telling the Story of Jesus’ Trial—and Ours.” WW 34 (2014): 256263.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Klutz, Todd. “Christianos: Defining the Self in the Acts of the Apostles.” Pages 167185 in Religion, Language and Power. Edited by Nile Green and Mary Searle-Chatterjee. Routledge Studies in Religion 10. London: Routledge, 2008.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Krentz, Edgar. “Peter: Confessor, Denier, Proclaimer, Validator of Proclamation— A Study in Diversity.” CurTM 37 (2010): 320333.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Lake, Kirsopp, ed. trans. The Apostolic Fathers. 2 vols. LCL. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1913.

  • Lampe, Geoffrey W. H.St. Peter’s Denial.” BJRL 55 (1973): 346368.

  • Leemans, Johan, ed. More than a Memory: The Discourse of Martyrdom and the Construction of Christian Identity in the History of Christianity. ANL 51. Leuven: Peeters, 2005.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Lieu, Judith M.Accusations of Jewish Persecution in Early Christian Sources, with Particular Reference to Justin Martyr and the Martyrdom of Polycarp.” Pages 279295 in Tolerance and Intolerance in Early Judaism and Christianity. Edited by Graham M. Stanton and Guy G. Stroumsa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Lieu, Judith M.The Forging of Christian Identity.” Mediterranean Archaeology 11 (1998): 7182.

  • Lieu, Judith M. Image and Reality: The Jews in the World of the Christians in the Second Century. London: T&T Clark, 1996.

  • Lightfoot, J. B. The Apostolic Fathers. 2 pts. in 5 vols. New York: Macmillan, 1889.

  • Malina, Bruce J., and Jerome H. Neyrey. “Conflict in Luke-Acts: Labelling and Deviance Theory.” Pages 97122 in The Social World of Luke-Acts: Models for Interpretation. Edited by Jerome H. Neyrey. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1991.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Mardaga, Hellen. “The Meaning and Function of the Threefold Repetition ΕΓΩ ΕΙΜΙ in Jn 18,5–6.8: The Fulfilment of Jesus’ Protecting Love on the Eve of His Death.” Pages 761768 in The Death of Jesus in the Fourth Gospel. Edited by Gilbert Van Belle. BETL 200. Leuven: Leuven University Press, 2007.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Mathiesen, Robert, and Robert F. Allen. “An Early Church Slavonic Translation of the Martyrdom of St. Polycarp.” HTR 72 (1979): 161163.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • McKay, Kenneth L.Style and Significance in the Language of John 21:15–17.” NovT 27.4 (1985): 319333.

  • Mehrlein, R.Drei.” RAC 4: 269310.

  • Merkel, Helmut. “Peter’s Curse.” Pages 6671 in The Trial of Jesus: Cambridge Studies in Honour of C. F. D. Moule. Edited by Ernst Bammel. SBT 2/13. London: SCM, 1970.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Michael, Gregory C. “The Structure of the Gospel of Mark: Revisiting the Implications of Repetition and Characterization.” STM thesis, Concordia Seminary, 2008.

  • Middleton, Paul. Foreword to Salvation in the Gospel of Mark: The Death of Jesus and the Path of Discipleship. By Gabi Markusse. Eugene, OR: Pickwick, 2018.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Middleton, Paul. The Violence of the Lamb: Martyrs as Agents of Divine Judgement in the Book of Revelation. LNTS 586. New York: T&T Clark, 2018.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Middleton, Paul. “What Is Martyrdom?Mortality: Promoting the Interdisciplinary Study of Death and Dying 19 (2014): 117133.

  • Mildorf, Jarmila. “Negotiating Deviance: Identity, Trajectories, and Norms in a Graffitist’s Interview Narrative.” Pages 135148 in Telling Stories: Language, Narrative, and Social Life. Edited by Deborah Schiffrin, Anna De Fina, and Anastasia Nylund. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2010.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Miller, Matthew John. “The Martyrdom of Polycarp: Social Identity and Exemplars in the Early Church.” MA thesis, Cincinnati Christian University, 2008.

  • Moreau, Jacques. “Le nom des chrétiens.” La nouvelle Clio 1–2 (1949–1950): 190192.

  • Musurillo, Herbert A., ed. trans. The Acts of the Christian Martyrs. Oxford: Clarendon, 1972.

  • Nebreda, Sergio Rosell. “Echoes of Paul’s Philippians in Polycarp: Texts That Create Identity.” Pages 347365 in T&T Clark Handbook to Social Identity in the New Testament. Edited by J. Brian Tucker and Coleman A. Baker. London: Bloomsbury T&T Clark, 2014.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Nestle, Eberhard. “Eine kleine Interpunktionsverschiedenheit im Martyrium des Polykarp.” ZNW 4 (1903): 345346.

  • Peterson, Erik. Frühkirche, Judentum und Gnosis: Studien und Untersuchungen. Freiburg im Breisgau: Herder, 1959.

  • Reicher, Stephen, Russell Spears, and S. Alexander Haslam. “The Social Identity Approach in Social Psychology.” Pages 4562 in The SAGE Handbook of Identities. Edited by Margaret Wetherell and Chandra Talpade Mohanty. London: SAGE, 2010.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Rich, Keith A. “Figuring Jesus: The Power of Rhetorical Figures of Speech in the Gospel of Luke.” PhD diss., Baylor University, 2010.

  • Richardson, Cyril C., ed. trans., Early Christian Fathers. LCC 1. Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 1953.

  • Schoedel, William R. Polycarp, Martyrdom of Polycarp, Fragments of Papias. Vol. 5 of The Apostolic Fathers: A New Translation and Commentary. Edited by Robert M. Grant. Camden, NJ: Nelson, 1967.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Smith, E. R., and M. A. Zarate. “Exemplar and Prototype Use in Social Categorization.” Social Cognition 8 (1990): 243262.

  • Sparks, Jack N., ed. trans. The Apostolic Fathers. Nashville: Nelson, 1978.

  • Staniforth, Maxwell, trans., and Andrew Louth, ed. trans. Early Christian Writings: The Apostolic Fathers. New York: Penguin, 1987.

  • Syreeni, Kari. “Eyewitness Testimony, First-Person Narration and Authorial Presence.” Pages 89110 in Social Memory and Social Identity in the Study of Early Judaism and Early Christianity. Edited by Samuel Byrskog, Raimo Hakola, and Jutta Maria Jokiranta. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2016.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Tajfel, Henri. Human Groups and Social Categories: Studies in Social Psychology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981.

  • Tajfel, Henri. “Social Categorization, Social Identity and Social Comparison.” Pages 6176 in Differentiation between Social Groups: Studies in the Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations. Edited by Henri Tajfel. London: Academic Press, 1978.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Tajfel, Henri, and J. C. Turner. “The Social Identity Theory of Intergroup Behavior.” Pages 724 in Psychology of Intergroup Relations, edited by Stephen Worchel and William G. Austin. 2nd ed. Chicago: Nelson-Hall, 1986.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Taylor, Justin. “Why Were the Christians First Called ‘Christians’ at Antioch? (Acts 11, 26).” RB 101 (1994): 7594.

  • Turner, John C. Rediscovering the Social Group: Self-Categorization Theory. New York: Blackwell, 1987.

  • Vaquilar, Nick A.Peter’s Journey as a Disciple: An Exegetical-Theological Study of John 21:15–19.” Landas: Journal of Loyola School of Theology 26.2 (2012): 79102.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Weidmann, Frederick W.‘Rushing Judgment’? Willfullness and Martyrdom in Early Christianity.” USQR 53 (1999): 6169.

  • Wilcox, Max. “The Denial-Sequence in Mark XIV.26–31, 66–72.” NTS 17 (1971): 426436.

  • Wilhite, Shawn J.‘That We Too Might Be Imitators of Him’: The Martyrdom of Polycarp as Imitatio Christi.” Chm 129 (2015): 319336.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Williams, Travis B. Persecution in 1 Peter: Differentiating and Contextualizing Early Christian Suffering. NovTSup 145. Leiden: Brill, 2012.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Zwierlein, Otto. Die Urfassungen der Martyria Polycarpi et Pionii und das Corpus Polycarpianum. 2 vols. UALG 116. Berlin: De Gruyter, 2014.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

Metrics

All Time Past Year Past 30 Days
Abstract Views 19 19 0
Full Text Views 0 0 0
PDF Views & Downloads 2 2 0