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A longstanding problem in Indian historiography – indeed, world history – is why and how Buddhism disappeared from India, the land of its birth. The most popular theory focuses on Turkish invasions of north India at the turn of the thirteenth century and their alleged violent iconoclasm respecting Buddhist monastic institutions. Examining archaeological, architectural, and contemporary written evidence, this paper explores this vexing problem. The analysis is structured within a broader typology respecting the relationship between architecture and power, and in particular what happens when power confronts monuments of earlier dispensations, defeated rulers, oppressed minorities, and the like.