Chapter 3 Chinese International Students in Europe

Push, Pull, and Mooring Factors

In: Handbook of Chinese Migration to Europe
Authors:
Emilie Tran Sautedé
Search for other papers by Emilie Tran Sautedé in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
and
Fei Vincent Mo
Search for other papers by Fei Vincent Mo in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
Type:
Chapter
Pages:
99–131
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004712140_005

Purchase instant access (PDF download and unlimited online access):

$40.00
Add to Cart
Redeem Access Token

Abstract

Following Deng Xiaoping’s decision in 1978 to send 3,000 students and scholars from the People’s Republic of China overseas annually, China has become the world’s largest source of study-abroad students, with many choosing Europe. However, numbers have declined since 2020. This chapter explores the experiences of Chinese students in Europe, including their motivations, academic experiences, life outside campus, engagement with homeland activities, and post-graduation plans. A modified push-pull-mooring (PPM) framework is used to analyse these experiences. Based on 34 interviews conducted from 2021 to 2023 with students from mainland China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan studying in Austria, France, Germany, Italy, and the United Kingdom, this study examines their experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic and amid geopolitical tensions between China and the West. In contrast to other studies, our PPM model distinguishes push, pull, and mooring factors at the micro-, meso-, and macro-levels. The chapter also highlights the diversity among Chinese international students, refuting the notion of their homogeneity. It contributes to future research on new trends in transnational education, particularly shifts in Chinese international students’ motivations in choosing their study destination and decisions to remain overseas to further their education.

  • Collapse
  • Expand
Series:  Brill Handbooks of Chinese Overseas, Volume: 01
Cover Handbook of Chinese Migration to Europe
E-Book ISBN:
9789004712140
Publisher:
Brill
Print Publication Date:
26 Nov 2024
Front Matter
Introduction
Part 1 Statistical Data on Chinese Populations in Europe
Part 2 Migration Motivations and Pathways
Part 3 China as a Diaspora State
Part 4 Economic Opportunities and Ethnic Entrepreneurship
Part 5 Socialization and Intersecting Inequalities
Part 6 Identity Constructions and Cultural Representations
Back Matter

  • Altbach, Philip G., and Jane Knight. 2007. “The Internationalization of Higher Education: Motivations and Realities.” Journal of Studies in International Education 11: 290–305. https://doi.org/10.1177/1028315307303542.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Arambewela, Rodney, and John Hall. 2008. “A Model of Student Satisfaction: International Postgraduate Students from Asia.” European Advances in Consumer Research 8: 129–35.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Astarita, Claudia. 2023. “The Impact of International Education and Cultural Empowerment in the Global Job Market: A Case Based on the Experience of Chinese Students in France.” Journal of Chinese Overseas 19 (2): 269–94. https://doi.org/10.1163/17932548-12341491.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Bislev, Ane. 2017. “Student-to-Student Diplomacy: Chinese International Students as a Soft-Power Tool.” Journal of Current Chinese Affairs 46 (2): 81–109. https://doi.org/10.1177/186810261704600204.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Bodycott, Peter. 2009. “Choosing a Higher Education Study Abroad Destination: What Mainland Chinese Parents and Students Rate as Important.” Journal of Research in International Education 8 (3): 349–73. https://doi.org/10.1177/1475240909345818.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Bogue, Donald J. 1957. “Components of Population Change 1940–50: Estimates of Net Migration and Natural Increase for Each Standard Metropolitan Area and State Economic Area.” Scripps Foundation, Studies in Population Distribution 12.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Brooks, Rachel. 2017. “Representations of East Asian Students in the UK Media.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 43 (14): 2363–77. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2017.1315857.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Campus France. 2023. “Chiffres clés: La Mobilité étudiante dans le monde.” Accessed 15 April 2024. https://www.campusfrance.org/en/resource/key-figures-on-student-mobility-worldwide-2022.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Cao, Chung, Chang Zhu, and Qian Meng. 2016a. “A Survey of the Influencing Factors for International Academic Mobility of Chinese University Students.” Higher Education Quarterly 70 (2): 200–220. https://doi.org/10.1111/hequ.12084.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Cao, Chung, Chang Zhu, and Qian Meng. 2016b. “An Exploratory Study of Inter-Relationships of Acculturative Stressors among Chinese Students from Six European Union (EU) Countries.” International Journal of Intercultural Relations 55: 8–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2016.08.003.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Cao, Ling, and Ly Tran. 2015. “Pathway from Vocational Education and Associate Degree to Higher Education: Chinese International Students in Australia.” Asia Pacific Journal of Education 35 (2): 274–89. https://doi.org/10.1080/02188791.2014.881318.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Carnine, Julia. 2016. “The Social Networks of Chinese Students Studying in France.” Journal of Chinese Overseas 12 (1): 68–95. https://doi.org/10.1163/17932548-12341317.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Cebolla-Boado, Héctor, Yang Hu, and Yasemin Nuhoḡlu Soysal. 2018. “Why Study Abroad? Sorting of Chinese Students across British Universities.” British Journal of Sociology of Education 39 (3): 365–80. https://doi.org/10.1080/01425692.2017.1349649.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Ceccagno, Antonella, and Mette Thunø. 2023. “Digitized Diaspora Governance during the COVID‐19 Pandemic: China’s Diaspora Mobilization and Chinese Migrant Responses in Italy.” Global Networks 23 (1): 90–105. https://doi.org/10.1111/glob.12389.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Center for China and Globalization 全球化智库. n.d. “Zhongguo liuxue fazhan baogao (2020–2021) lanpishu 中国留学发展报告（2020–2021） 蓝皮书 [Annual Report on the Development of Chinese Students Studying Abroad (2021–2022)].” Accessed 16 April 2024. http://www.ccg.org.cn/archives/26670.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Chen, Yan. 2015. “Studying through Attracting but Not Teaching: A Case Study on How Christian Churches in the United States Approach and Affect Chinese Students.” Overseas Chinese History Studies 1: 56–66.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Chen, Liang-Hsuan. 2007. “Choosing Canadian Graduate Schools from Afar: East Asian Students’ Perspectives.” Higher Education 54: 759–80. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-006-9022-8.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Cheung, Alan, Xin Guo, Xiaorui Wang, and Zhuang Miao. 2019. “Push and Pull Factors Influencing Mainland Chinese M. Ed. Students in Hong Kong.” International Journal of Educational Management 33 (7): 1539–60. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEM-06-2018-0179.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Coates, Jamie. 2019. “The Cruel Optimism of Mobility: Aspiration, Belonging, and the ‘Good Life’ among Transnational Chinese Migrants in Tokyo.” Positions: Asia Critique 27 (3): 469–97. https://doi.org/10.1215/10679847-7539277.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Ding, Qun, and Nesta Devine. 2017. “Agency and Social Capital in Chinese International Doctoral Students’ Conversion to Christianity.” Educational Philosophy and Theory 49 (12): 1161–72. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131857.2017.1342158.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Dyer, Suzette, and Fen Lu. 2010. “Chinese-Born International Students’ Transition Experiences from Study to Work in New Zealand.” Australian Journal of Career Development 19 (2): 23–31. http://doi.org/10.1177/103841621001900204.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Douglass, Caitlin H., Can Qin, Fran Martin, Yinzong Xiao, Carol El-Hayek, and Megan SC Lim. 2020. “Comparing Sexual Behaviours and Knowledge between Domestic Students and Chinese International Students in Australia: Findings from Two Cross-Sectional Studies.” International Journal of STD & AIDS 31 (8). https://doi.org/10.1177/0956462420921726.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Eaves, Mina. 2011. “The Relevance of Learning Styles for International Pedagogy in Higher Education.” Teachers and Teaching 17 (6): 677–91. https://doi.org/10.1080/13540602.2011.625143.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Findlay, Allan M., Russell King, Fiona M. Smith, Alistair Geddes, and Ronald Skeldon. 2012. “World Class? An Investigation of Globalisation, Difference and International Student Mobility.” Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 37: 118–31. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41427932.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • França, Thais, Sofia Gaspar, and Diego Mathias. 2022. “‘It’s Not Good, but It Could Be Worse’: Racial Microaggressions toward Chinese International Students during the COVID-19 Pandemic.” Diaspora, Indigenous, and Minority Education 18 (1): 9–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/15595692.2022.2098274.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Fong, Vanessa. 2011. “Paradise Redefined: Transnational Chinese Students and the Quest for Flexible Citizenship in the Developed World.” Stanford: Stanford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9780804781756.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Frechette, Julie, Vasiliki Bitzas, Monique Aubry, Kelley Kilpatrick, and Mélanie Lavoie-Tremblay. 2020. “Capturing Lived Experience: Methodological Considerations for Interpretive Phenomenological Inquiry.” International Journal of Qualitative Methods 19. https://doi.org/10.1177/1609406920907254.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Fu, Jia. 2019. “Moving towards a Bright Future: Chinese Students in the EU.” European Institute for Asian Studies. http://www.eias.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Jia-EU-Asia-at-a-glance-Final.pdf.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Gaspar, Sofia, and Diego Mathias. 2023. “Transnational Mobility of Chinese Students in Portuguese-Speaking Countries: The Role of a Non-Hegemonic Language.” Journal of Chinese Overseas 19 (2): 248–68. https://doi.org/10.1163/17932548-12341490.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Guan, Lihang, Ka Ho Joshua Mok, and Baohua Yu. 2023. “Pull Factors in Choosing a Higher Education Study Abroad Destination after the Massive Global Immobility: A Re-Examination from Chinese Perspectives.” Cogent Education 10 (1). https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2023.2199625.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Guiheux, Gilles, and Wang Simeng. 2018. “A Case of Double Socialisation in the Social Sciences: The Experience of Chinese Researchers Trained in France.” China Perspectives 4: 21–30. https://doi.org/10.4000/chinaperspectives.8398.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Hail, Henry Chiu. 2015. “Patriotism Abroad: Overseas Chinese Students’ Encounters with Criticisms of China.” Journal of Studies in International Education 19 (4): 311–26. https://doi.org/10.1177/1028315314567175.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Han, Christine, and Yaobin Tong. 2021. “Students at the Nexus between the Chinese Diaspora and Internationalisation of Higher Education: The Role of Overseas Students in China’s Strategy of Soft Power.” British Journal of Educational Studies 69 (5): 579–98. https://doi.org/10.1080/00071005.2021.1935446.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Hanassab, Shideh. 2006. “Diversity, International Students, and Perceived Discrimination: Implications for Educators and Counselors.” Journal of Studies in International Education 10 (2): 157–72. https://doi.org/10.1177/1028315305283051.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Handarkho, Yonathan Dri, and Yulius Harjoseputro. 2020. “Intention to Adopt Mobile Payment in Physical Stores: Individual Switching Behavior Perspective Based on Push–Pull–Mooring (PPM) Theory.” Journal of Enterprise Information Management 33 (2): 285–308. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEIM-06-2019-0179.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Hao, Xue, Kun Yan, Shibao Guo, and Meiling Wang. 2017. “Chinese Returnees’ Motivation, Post-Return Status and Impact of Return: A Systematic Review.” Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 26 (1): 143–57. https://doi.org/10.1177/0117196817690294.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Heberle, Rudolph. 1938. “The Causes of Rural-Urban Migration a Survey of German Theories.” American Journal of Sociology 43 (6): 932–50. https://doi.org/10.1086/217875.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Heng, Tang Tang. 2020. “Chinese Students Themselves Are Changing: Why We Need Alternative Perspectives of Chinese International Students.” Journal of International Students 10 (2): 539–45. https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v10i2.958.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Henze, Jürgen, and Jiani Zhu. 2012. “Current Research on Chinese Students Studying Abroad.” Research in Comparative and International Education 7 (1): 90–104. https://doi.org/10.2304/rcie.2012.7.1.90.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Holliman, Andrew J., Amanda S. Bastaman, Hiu S. Wu, Shuyue Xu, and Daniel Waldeck. 2023. “Exploring the Experiences of International Chinese Students at a UK University: A Qualitative Inquiry.” Multicultural Learning and Teaching 19 (1): 7–22. https://doi.org/10.1515/mlt-2022-0020.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Hu, Aihua, and David Cairns. 2017. “Hai Gui or Hai Dai? Chinese Student Migrants and the Role of Norwegian Mobility Capital in Career Success.” Young 25 (2): 174–89. https://doi.org/10.1177/1103308816670821.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Hu, Yanjuan, Klaas van Veen, and Alessandra Corda. 2016. “Pushing Too Little, Praising Too Much? Intercultural Misunderstandings between a Chinese Doctoral Student and a Dutch Supervisor.” Studying Teacher Education 12 (1): 70–87. https://doi.org/10.1080/17425964.2015.1111204.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Jiang, Lina, and Külya Kosar Altinyelken. 2022. “Understanding Social Integration of Chinese Students in the Netherlands: The Role of Friendships.” Journal of Intercultural Communication Research 51 (2): 191–207. https://doi.org/10.1080/17475759.2021.1877178.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Jiang, Shanshan. 2021. “The Call of the Homeland: Transnational Education and the Rising Nationalism among Chinese Overseas Students.” Comparative Education Review 65 (1): 34–55. https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/712053.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Jing, Xiaoli, Lisha Peng, and Kun Dai. 2021. “Why Chinese Students Choose to Pursue Secondary Education in Canada: An Empirical Investigation Based on Push–Pull Model.” Asia Pacific Education Review 22 (4): 623–36. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12564-021-09693-x.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Knight, Jane. 2004. “Internationalization Remodeled: Definition, Approaches, and Rationales.” Journal of Studies in International Education 8 (1): 5–31. https://doi.org/10.1177/1028315303260832.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Kondakci, Yasar. 2011. “Student Mobility Reviewed: Attraction and Satisfaction of International Students in Turkey.” Higher Education 62: 573–92. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-011-9406-2.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Lam, Jason M. S., Ahmad Azmi M. Ariffin, and Azhar Hj. Ahmad. 2011. “Edutourism: Exploring the Push-Pull Factors in Selecting a University.” International Journal of Business and Society 12 (1): 63–78.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Lee, Everett. 1966. “A Theory of Migration.” Demography 3 (1): 47–57. https://doi.org/10.2307/2060063.

  • Leung, Maggi W.H. 2015. “Engaging a Temporal–Spatial Stretch: An Inquiry into the Role of the State in Cultivating and Claiming the Chinese Knowledge Diaspora.” Geoforum 59: 187–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2014.06.008.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Leung, Maggi W.H. 2022. “COVID-19 Care Circuits: The Chinese Transnational State, Its Diaspora, and Beyond.” China Perspectives 131: 29–37. https://doi.org/10.4000/chinaperspectives.14358.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Li, Anqi. 2020. “Escaping the Comfort Zone: The First Language ‘Bubble.’” In Critical Autoethnography and Intercultural Learning, edited by Phiona Stanley, 65–75. Oxfordshire: Routledge.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Li, Gang, Wei Chen, and Jing-Lin Duanmu. 2010. “Determinants of International Students’ Academic Performance: A Comparison between Chinese and Other International Students.” Journal of Studies in International Education 14 (4): 389–405. https://doi.org/10.1177/1028315309331490.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Li, Mei. 2007. “Mainland Chinese Students in Hong Kong and Macau.” International Higher Education 46: 15–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02934902.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Li, Mei, and Mark Bray. 2007. “Cross-Border Flows of Students for Higher Education: Push-Pull Factors and Motivations of Mainland Chinese Students in Hong Kong and Macau.” Higher Education 53: 791–818. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-005-5423-3.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Li, Xueyan. 2020. “Chinese Students Choosing Hungarian Tertiary Education: A Systematic Review.” East Asia 37: 317–30. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12140-020-09333-y.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Li, Yong. 2020. “The Identity Crisis of Chinese Graduates in France.” In Chinese Immigrants in Europe: Image, Identity and Social Participation, edited by Liu Yue and Simeng Wang, 101–126. Berlin: De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110616385.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Li, Yong, and Simeng Wang. 2021. “‘Devenir adulte’ en contexte migratoire: Le cas des étudiants diplômés chinois en France.” Agora 2: 129–44. https://www.cairn.info/revue-agora-debats-jeunesses-2021-2-page-129.htm?ref=doi.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Li, Yong, Ran Yan, and Simeng Wang. 2023. “Disruption in Study Abroad during the Pandemic: Chinese Students in France.” In Chinese in France amid the COVID-19 Pandemic: Daily Lives, Racial Struggles and Transnational Citizenship of Migrants and Descendants, edited by Simeng Wang, 196–222. Leiden: Brill. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004678606_009.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Liu, Meirong. 2009. “Addressing the Mental Health Problems of Chinese International College Students in the United States.” Advances in Social Work 10 (1): 69–86.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Liu, Jiaqi M. 2021. “From ‘Sea Turtles’ to ‘Grassroots Ambassadors’: The Chinese Politics of Outbound Student Migration.” International Migration Review 56 (3): 702–26. https://doi.org/10.1177/01979183211046572.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Ma, Junqian. 2020. “Supporting Practices to Break Chinese International Students’ Language Barriers: The First Step to Facilitate Their Social Adjustment.” Journal of International Students 10 (1): 84–105. https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v10i1.773.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Ma, Haijing, and Claude Miller. 2021. “Trapped in a Double Bind: Chinese Overseas Student Anxiety during the COVID-19 Pandemic.” Health Communication 36 (13): 1598–1605. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2020.1775439.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Ma, Yuping, and Suyan Pan. 2015. “Chinese Returnees from Overseas Study: An Understanding of Brain Gain and Brain Circulation in the Age of Globalization.” Frontiers of Education in China 10 (2): 306–29. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03397067.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Ma, Yingyi, and Ning Zhan. 2020. “To Mask or Not to Mask amid the COVID-19 Pandemic: How Chinese Students in America Experience and Cope with Stigma.” Chinese Sociological Review 54 (1): 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/21620555.2020.1833712.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Marginson, Sarginson. 2006. “Dynamics of National and Global Competition in Higher Education.” Higher Education 52 (1): 1–39. https://www.jstor.org/stable/29735003.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Martin, Fran. 2017. “Mobile Self-Fashioning and Gendered Risk: Rethinking Chinese Students’ Motivations for Overseas Education.” Globalisation, Societies and Education 15 (5): 706–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/14767724.2016.1264291.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Massey, Douglas S., Joaquin Arango, Graeme Hugo, Ali Kouaouci, Adela Pellegrino, and J. Edward Taylor. 1993. “Theories of International Migration: A Review and Appraisal.” Population and Development Review 19 (3): 431–66. September. https://doi.org/10.2307/2938462.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Mazzarol, Tim, and Geoffrey N. Soutar. 2002. “‘Push-Pull’ Factors Influencing International Student Destination Choice.” International Journal of Educational Management 16 (2): 82–90. https://doi.org/10.1108/09513540210418403.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Mazzarol, Tim, Geoffrey Soutar, Don Smart, and Stephen Choo. 2001. “Perceptions, Information and Choice: Understanding How Chinese Students Select a Country for Overseas Study.” Australian Education International, Department of Education, Training and Youth Affairs, Commonwealth of Australia.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • McGowan, Sue, and Lucy Potter. 2008. “The Implications of the Chinese Learner for the Internationalization of the Curriculum: An Australian Perspective.” Critical Perspectives on Accounting 19 (2): 181–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpa.2005.12.006.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • MERICS. 2020. “Conflicted Hearts and Minds: A Survey of the Political Attitudes of Chinese Students in Germany.” Accessed 22 February 2024. https://merics.org/en/report/conflicted-hearts-and-minds.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China. 2020. “Statistics on Chinese Learners Studying Overseas in 2019.” Accessed 22 February 2024. http://en.moe.gov.cn/news/press_releases/202012/t20201224_507474.html.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Mok, Ka Ho, Youliang Zhang, and Wei Bao. 2020. “Brain Drain or Brain Gain: A Growing Trend of Chinese International Students Returning Home for Development.” In Higher Education, Innovation and Entrepreneurship from Comparative Perspectives, edited by Ka Ho Mok, 245–67. Singapore: Springer. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-16-8870-6_11.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Montalbano, Robert, Casey Creghan, Karla Eidson, Robert M. Maninger. 2016. “Chinese Students and the American Dream: Are These Students Prepared for Success?” American International Journal of Humanities and Social Science 2 (3): 15–25. https://aijhss.cgrd.org/images/Vol2No3/2.pdf.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Montsion, Jean-Michel. 2020. “Making Sense of One’s Feelings: The Emotional Labour of Chinese International Students in Canadian Universities.” Migration, Mobility, & Displacement 5 (1): 3–19. https://doi.org/10.18357/mmd51202019619.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Moosavi, Leon. 2021. “The Myth of Academic Tolerance: The Stigmatisation of East Asian Students in Western Higher Education.” Asian Ethnicity 23 (3): 484–503. https://doi.org/10.1080/14631369.2021.1882289.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Muhanna, Aitemad. 2014. “When the Researcher Becomes a Subject of Ethnographic Research: Studying ‘Myself’ and ‘Others’ in Gaza.” Women’s Studies International Forum 45: 112–18.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • New Oriental Vision Overseas Consulting Company. 2023. 2023 Zhongguo liuxuesheng baipishu 中国留学生白皮书 [2023 Report on Chinese Students’ Overseas Study]. https://liuxue.xdf.cn/special_zonghe/2023_report/.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Pan, Su-Yan. 2010. “Changes and Challenges in the Flow of International Human Capital: China’s Experience.” Journal of Studies in International Education 14 (3): 259–288. https://doi.org/10.1177/1028315308321746.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Pritchard, Rosalind. 2010. “Re-Entry Trauma: Asian Re-Integration after Study in the West.” Journal of Studies in International Education 15 (1): 93–111. https://doi.org/10.1177/1028315310365541.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Ravenstein, Ernst Georg. 1885. “The Laws of Migration.” Journal of the Statistical Society of London 48 (2): 167–227. https://doi.org/10.2307/2979181.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Ravenstein, Ernst Georg. 1889. “The Laws of Migration.” Journal of the Royal Statistical Society 52 (2): 241–305. https://doi.org/10.2307/2979333.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Ren, Jie-hui. 2018. “Non-Continuous Education: A Study of the Adaptability of Young Chinese Overseas Students.” Journal of Research on Education for Ethnic Minorities 29 (1): 116–22.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • She, Bibi, Siva Shankar Ramasamy, and Riang-or Loahavilai. 2023. “Analysis of the Impact of the ‘Double Reduction’ Policy on the Educational Processes of Chinese Students Studying in Europe.” International Journal of Chinese Education 12 (1). https://doi.org/10.1177/2212585X231169740.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Shen, Wei. 2005. “A Study on Chinese Student Migration in the United Kingdom.” Asia Europe Journal 3: 429–36. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10308-005-0011-9.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Shen, Wei. 2008. “Chinese Student Migration in Europe: A Migration that Nobody Objects to?” In Migrants and Markets: Perspectives from Economics and the Other Social Sciences, edited by Holger Kolb and Henrik Egbert, 147–67. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9789048501359-008.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Spencer-Oatey, Helen, Daniel Dauber, Jing Jing, and Wang Lifei. 2017. “Chinese Students’ Social Integration into the University Community: Hearing the Students’ Voices.” Higher Education 74: 739–56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-016-0074-0.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Spencer-Rodgers, Julie, and Timothy McGovern. 2002. “Attitudes toward the Culturally Different: The Role of Intercultural Communication Barriers, Affective Responses, Consensual Stereotypes, and Perceived Threat.” International Journal of Intercultural Relations 26 (6): 609–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0147-1767(02)00038-X.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Statista. 2023. “China: Number of Students That Study Abroad.” 8 November 2023. https://www.statista.com/statistics/227240/number-of-chinese-students-that-study-abroad/.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Sude, Mei Yuan, Ning Chen, and Fred Dervin. 2020. “‘I Think It Would Be Easier for Chinese Ethnic Minorities to Find Themselves as a Minority If They Go Abroad’: Chinese Minzu Individuals’ Identity and the Study Abroad Experience.” International Journal of Educational Research 102: 101584. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2020.101584.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Suspitsyna, Tatiana, and Tricia R. Shalka. 2019. “The Chinese International Student as a (Post) Colonial Other: An Analysis of Cultural Representations of a US Media Discourse.” The Review of Higher Education 42 (5): 287–308. https://doi.org/10.1353/rhe.2019.0053.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Tan, Oon Seng, Dennis M. McInemey, Arief D. Liem, and Ai-Girl Tan, eds. 2008. What the West Can Learn from the East: Asian Perspectives on the Psychology of Learning and Motivation. Charlotte: Information Age.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Thøgersen, Stig. 2016. “Chinese Students in Europe: Policies, Experiences and Prospects.” European Review 24 (2): 297–305. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1062798715000642.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Thunø, Mette, and Minghuan Li. 2020. “Introduction: New Dynamics of Chinese Migration to Europe.” International Migration 58 (3): 5–21. https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.12726.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • To, James Jiann Hua. 2014. Qiaowu: Extra-Territorial Policies for the Overseas Chinese. Leiden: Brill.

  • Tran, Émilie, and Ya-Han Chuang. 2020. “Social Relays of China’s Power Projection? Overseas Chinese Collective Actions for Security in France.” International Migration 58 (3): 101–17. https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.12627.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Tran, Emilie, and Yahia H. Zoubir. 2023. “China’s Health Diplomacy in the ‘New-Cold-War’ Era: Contrasting the Battle of Narratives in Europe and the Middle East and North Africa.” In Asia in the Old and New Cold Wars, edited by Kenneth Paul Tan, 157–88. Singapore: Palgrave Macmillan. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-19-7681-0_7.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Tran, Emilie, and Yu-chin Tseng. 2022. “To Trust or Not to Trust? COVID-19 Facemasks in China–Europe Relations: Lessons from France and the United Kingdom.” Journal of Risk Financial Management 15 (4): 187. https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm15040187.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Tu, Mengwei, and Daniel Nehring. 2020. “Remain, Return, or Re-Migrate? The (Im)Mobility Trajectory of Mainland Chinese Students after Completing their Education in the UK.” International Migration 58 (3): 43–57. https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.12589.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • UNESCO Institute of Statistics. n.d. “Global Flow of Tertiary-Level Students.” Accessed 16 January 2024. https://uis.unesco.org/en/uis-student-flow.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Vinther, Jane. 2010. “A Danish Perspective on Teaching Chinese Students in Europe.” In International Education and the Chinese Learner, edited by Ryan Janette and Gordon Slethaug, 111–27. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press. https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/175/monograph/chapter/13663.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Wang, Kenneth T., Puncky Paul Heppner, Chu-Chun Fu, Ran Zhao, Feihan Li, and Chih-Chun Chuang. 2012. “Profiles of Acculturative Adjustment Patterns among Chinese International Students.” Journal of Counseling Psychology 59 (3): 424–36. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028532.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Wang, Simeng. 2020. “Gao jishu yimin: huaren yimin faguo de di si ci langchao 高技术移民: 华人移民法国的第四次浪潮 [High-Skilled Immigrants: The Fourth Wave of Chinese Immigration to France].” In Guoji yimin yu haiwai huaren yanjiu (2017–2018) 国际移民与海外华人研究 (2017–2018) [International Migration and Overseas Chinese Research (2017–2018)], edited by Li Qirong, 110–31. Beijing: China Social Sciences Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Wang, Simeng, and Francesco Madrisotti. 2023. “Out of Step: Preventive Measures among People of Chinese Origin in France during the COVID-19 Pandemic.” In Chinese in France amid the COVID-19 Pandemic: Daily Lives, Racial Struggles and Transnational Citizenship of Migrants and Descendants, edited by Simeng Wang, 72–101. Leiden: Brill. https://brill.com/display/title/60964?language=en.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Wang, Simeng, Xiabing Chen, Yong Li, Chloé Luu, Ran Yan, and Francesco Madrisotti. 2021. “‘I’m More Afraid of Racism Than of the Virus!’: Racism Awareness and Resistance among Chinese Migrants and Their Descendants in France during the COVID-19 Pandemic.” European Societies 23: 721–42. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616696.2020.1836384.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Wang, Simeng, Francesco Madrisotti, Yong Li, Chloé Luu, and Ran Yan. 2022. “Déni et (d)énonciation du racisme anti-asiatique au temps de la Pandémie de COVID-19: Le cas de la population chinoise en France [Denial, Expression, and Denunciation of Anti-Asian Racism during the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Case of the Chinese Population in France].” Emulations - Revue de sciences sociales 42 (June): 129–48. https://doi.org/10.14428/emulations.42.08.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Welch, Anthony. 2022. “COVID Crisis, Culture Wars and Australian Higher Education.” Higher Education Policy 35 (3): 673–91. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41307-022-00265-1.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Wen, Wen, and Die Hu. 2019. “The Emergence of a Regional Education Hub: Rationales of International Students’ Choice of China as the Study Destination.” Journal of Studies in International Education 23 (3): 303–25. https://doi.org/10.1177/1028315318797154.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Weng, Tsung-han. 2020. “On Becoming a Doctoral Student: Chinese Doctoral Students’ Socialization of Capital and Habitus in Academia.” British Journal of Sociology of Education 41 (4): 555–73. https://doi.org/10.1080/01425692.2020.1745056.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Wissenschaft Weltoffen, n.d. “Data. International Students by Key Countries of Origin in the Winter Semester Year 2021/22.” https://www.wissenschaft-weltoffen.de/de/daten/?w-year=12&w-edition=25&w-chapter=2112&w-topics=&w-additional-tables=1.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Wozniaková, Zuzana. 2016. “Different Approaches to the Czech and Chinese University Students in Business Economics: A Teaching Experience.” Perspectives in Science 7: 52–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pisc.2015.11.010.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Wu, Bin. 2016. “Chinese Student Migration, Social Networking, and Local Engagement in the UK: An Empirical Study.” Journal of Chinese Overseas 12 (1): 40–67. https://doi.org/10.1163/17932548-12341316.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Wu, Qi. 2014. “Motivations and Decision-Making Processes of Mainland Chinese Students for Undertaking Master’s Programs Abroad.” Journal of Studies in International Education 18 (5): 426–44. https://doi.org/10.1177/1028315313519823.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Wu, Xi. 2020. “Examining the Influence of Transnational Discourses on Chinese International Secondary School Students’ Academic Learning.” Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 41 (4): 368–82. https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2019.1623223.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Wu, Xin, and Paul Tarc. 2019. “Chinese International Students in a Canadian Private Secondary School: Becoming Flexible Citizens?” Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education 51 (6): 901–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057925.2019.1684242.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Xu, Cora Lingling. 2021. “Time, Class and Privilege in Career Imagination: Exploring Study-to-Work Transition of Chinese International Students in UK Universities through a Bourdieusian Lens.” Time & Society 30(1): 5–29. https://doi.org/10.1177/0961463X20951333.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Xu, Cora Lingling. 2022. “Portraying the ‘Chinese International Students’: A Review of English-Language and Chinese-Language Literature on Chinese International Students (2015–2020).” Asia Pacific Education Review 23: 151–67. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12564-021-09731-8.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Xu, Yuanruo. 2023. “Beyond Language and Culture: A Qualitative Exploration of Mental Health Barriers for Chinese International Students Seeking Therapy in the US.” Graduate Student Journal of Psychology 21. https://doi.org/10.52214/gsjp.v21i.11845.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Yang, Peidong. 2020. “China in the Global Field of International Student Mobility: An Analysis of Economic, Human and Symbolic Capitals.” Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education 52 (2): 308–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057925.2020.1764334.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Yu, Jing. 2021. “Caught in the Middle? Chinese International Students’ Self-Formation amid Politics and Pandemic.” International Journal of Chinese Education 10 (3): 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1177/22125868211058911.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Yu, Yun. 2019. “From Universities to Christian Churches: Agency in the Intercultural Engagement of Non-Christian Chinese Students in the UK.” Higher Education 80: 197–213. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-019-00474-5.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Yue, Tingting. 2015. “Gaige kaifang vilai de zhongguo liumei boshi qunti yanjiu 改革开放以来的 中国留美博士群体研究 [Research on American-Educated Chinese PhDs since the Reform and Opening-Up].” Lanzhou daxue xuebao (shehui kexue ban) 43 (2): 157–63.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Zha, Qiang. 2011. “The Study-Abroad Fever among Chinese Students.” International Higher Education 69: 15–17. https://doi.org/10.6017/ihe.2012.69.8635.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Zhao, Jushan, and Junying Guo. 2002. “The Restructuring of China’s Higher Education: An Experience for Market Economy and Knowledge Economy.” Educational Philosophy and Theory 34 (2): 207–21. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-5812.2002.tb00298.x.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Zheng, Weijia. 2017. “Beyond Cultural Learning and Preserving Psychological WellBeing: Chinese International Students’ Constructions of Intercultural Adjustment from an Emotion Management Perspective.” Language and Intercultural Communication 17 (1): 9–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/14708477.2017.1261673.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Zhou, Nanzhao. 2007. “International Education in Systemic Educational Reforms: The Chinese Case and Lessons Learned from an International Perspective.” Educational Research for Policy and Practice 6 (2): 141–59. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10671-007-9033-y.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Zou, Shuo. 2019. “Overseas Study No Longer Only for the Elite.” China Daily Global, 19 September 2019. https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/global/2019-09/19/content_37510908.htm.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Zweig, David, and Feng Yang. 2014. “Overseas Students, Returnees, and the Diffusion of International Norms into Post-Mao China.” International Studies Review 16(2): 252–63. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24032877.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

Metrics

All Time Past 365 days Past 30 Days
Abstract Views 488 488 177
Full Text Views 5 5 2
PDF Views & Downloads 15 15 0