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African Union 2023a. ‘Press Release’ [Kinshasa], 20 March. URL: <https://www.peaceau.org/en/article/press-release-of-the-peace-and-security-council-of-the-african-union-on-its-field-mission-to-the-democratic-republic-of-congo-from-20-march-to-23-march-2023> (accessed: 30 June 2024).
African Union 2023b. ‘Press Release’ [Addis Ababa], 20 April. URL: <https://www.peaceau.org/uploads/com-the-ministerial-special-session-on-sudan-20-april-2023.pdf> (accessed: 30 June 2024).
African Union 2023c. ‘Press Release’ [Mekelle], 19 May. URL: <https://www.peaceau.org/en/article/statement-by-dr-alhaji-sarjoh-bah-director-of-conflict-management-directorate-visit-to-mekelle-of-the-ethiopian-ministry-of-defence-and-the-association-of-defence-attaches-in-ethiopia-19-20-may-2023> (accessed: 30 June 2024).
African Union 2023d. ‘Media Advisory’ [Addis Ababa], 30 May. URL: <https://www.peaceau.org/en/article/media-advisory-third-meeting-of-the-expanded-mechanism-on-the-sudan-crisis-to-discuss-the-implementation-of-the-african-union-roadmap-for-the-resolution-of-the-conflict-in-sudan-followed-by-the-press-conference-of-the-african-union-commission-chief-of-s> (accessed: 30 June 2024).
African Union 2023e. ‘Preliminary Statement’ [Freetown], 26 June. URL: <https://www.peaceau.org/en/article/african-union-election-observation-mission-to-the-24-june-2023-general-elections-in-the-republic-of-sierra-leone> (accessed: 30 June 2024).
African Union 2023f. ‘Press Release’ [Luanda], 27 June. URL: <https://au.int/en/pressreleases/20230627/quadripartite-summit-east-african-community-economic-community-central> (accessed: 30 June 2024).
African Union 2023g. ‘Press Release’ [Pemba, Cabo Delgado], 17 November. URL: <https://au.int/sites/default/files/pressreleases/43342-pr-African_Union_Hands_Over_Military_Equipment_to_SADCs_SAMIM_in_Mozambique_.pdf> (accessed: 30 June 2024).
African Union 2023h. ‘Press Release’ [Addis Ababa], 4 December. URL: <https://www.peaceau.org/en/article/conclusions-of-the-4th-meeting-of-the-expanded-mechanism-on-the-crisis-in-sudan-4-december-2023> (accessed: 30 June 2024).
AU Assembly 2024a. ‘Report of the PSC on its Activities and the State of Peace and Security in Africa. Reporting Period: January to December 2023’. 37th Ordinary Session of the AU Assembly, Addis Ababa, 17–18 February. Assembly/AU/4 (XXXVII).
AU Assembly 2024b. ‘Report of the H.E. Mr Denis Sassou N’Nguesso, President of the Republic of Congo and Chairperson of the AU High-level Committee on Libya’. 37th Ordinary Session of the AU Assembly. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 17–18 February. Assembly/AU/5 (XXXVII).
AU Council 2023. ‘Decision on the Outcome of the Second Regional Consultations of the Review of the Protocol Relating to the Establishment of the Peace and Security Council’. 42nd Ordinary Session of the AU Executive Council. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 15–16 February. EX.CL/Dec.1195 (XLII).
AU PSC 2021. ‘Communiqué’. 996th PSC meeting, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 14 May. PSC/BR/COMM. (CMXCVI).
AU PSC 2023a. ‘Communiqué’. 1136th PSC meeting, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 1 February. PSC/PR/COMM.1136 (2023).
AU PSC 2023b. ‘Communiqué’. 1137th PSC meeting, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 6 February. PSC/MIN/COMM.1137 (2023).
AU PSC 2023c. ‘Communiqué’.1140th PSC meeting, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 18 February. PSC/HoSG/COMM.1140 (2023).
AU PSC 2023d. ‘Report of the PSC field mission of the PSC to South Sudan conducted from 22–25 February’. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 28 February. PSC/RPT.1141 (2023).
AU PSC 2023e. ‘Communiqué’. 1141st PSC meeting, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 28 February. PSC/PR/COMM.1141 (2023).
AU PSC 2023f. ‘Communiqué’. 1143rd PSC meeting, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 7 March 2023. PSC/PR/COMM.1143 (2023).
AU PSC 2023g. ‘Communiqué’. 1149th PSC meeting, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 16 April. PSC/PR/COMM.1149 (2023).
AU PSC 2023h. ‘Communiqué’. 1150th PSC meeting, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 18 April. PSC/MIN/COMM.1150 (2023).
AU PSC 2023i. ‘Communiqué’. 1151st PSC meeting, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 28 April. PSC/PR/COMM.1151 (2023).
AU PSC 2023j. ‘Communiqué’. 1152nd PSC meeting, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 11 May. PSC/PR/COMM.1152 (2023).
AU PSC 2023k. ‘Communiqué’. 1156th PSC meeting, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 27 May. PSC/HoSG/COMM.1156 (2023).
AU PSC 2023l. ‘Communiqué’. 1157th PSC meeting, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 13 June. PSC/PR/COMM.1157 (2023).
AU PSC 2023m. ‘Communiqué’. 1158th PSC meeting, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 15 June. PSC/PR/COMM.1158 (2023).
AU PSC 2023n. ‘Communiqué’. 1162nd PSC meeting, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 20 July. PSC/PR/COMM.1162 (2023).
AU PSC 2023o. ‘Communiqué’. 1163rd PSC meeting, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 21 July. PSC/MIN/COMM.1163 (2023).
AU PSC 2023p. ‘Communiqué’. 1164th PSC meeting, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 28 July. PSC/PR/COMM.1164 (2023).
AU PSC 2023q. ‘Communiqué’. 1166th PSC meeting, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 3 August. PSC/PR/COMM.1166 (2023).
AU PSC 2023r. ‘Communiqué’. 1172nd PSC meeting, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 31 August. PSC/PR/COMM.1172 (2023).
AU PSC 2023s. ‘Communiqué’. 1173rd PSC meeting, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 14 September. PSC/PR/COMM.1173 (2023).
AU PSC 2023t. ‘Communiqué’. 1177th PSC meeting, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 30 September. PSC/PR/COMM.1177 (2023).
AU PSC 2023u. ‘Communiqué’. 1180th PSC meeting, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 20 October. PSC/PR/COMM.1180.1 (2023).
AU PSC 2023v. ‘Communiqué’. 1180 PSC meeting, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 23 October. PSC/PR/COMM.1180.2 (2023).
AU PSC 2023w. ‘Communiqué’. 1185th PSC meeting, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 15 November. PSC/PR/COMM.1185 (2023).
AU PSC 2023x. ‘Communiqué’. 1186th PSC meeting, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 16 November. PSC/PR/COMM.1186 (2023).
AUC Chairperson 2017. ‘Press Release’ [Addis Ababa] 17 October. URL: <https://www.peaceau.org/en/article/the-african-union-urges-for-restraint-and-dialogue-to-resolve-the-situation-in-the-north-west-and-south-west-of-cameroon> (accessed: 30 June 2024).
AUC Chairperson 2023a. ‘Press Release’ [Addis Ababa], 13 February. URL: <https://au.int/en/pressreleases/20230213/statement-african-union-chairperson-following-working-visit-sudan#:~:text=The%20Chairperson%20further%20stresses%20the,the%20region%20and%20the%20Continent> (accessed: 30 June 2024).
AUC Chairperson 2023b. ‘Press Statement’ [Addis Ababa], 15 April. URL: <https://www.peaceau.org/en/article/the-chairperson-of-the-au-commission-s-statement-on-the-developing-situation-in-sudan-urgent-call-for-a-ceasefire-in-sudan> (accessed: 30 June 2024).
AUC Chairperson 2023c. ‘Communiqué sur la situation au Sénégal’ [Addis Ababa], 2 June. URL: <https://au.int/en/node/42827> (accessed: 30 June 2024).
AUC Chairperson 2023d. ‘Press Release’ [Addis Ababa], 30 August. URL: <https://au.int/en/pressreleases/20230830/press-release-situation-gabon> (accessed: 30 June 2024).
AUC Chairperson 2023e. ‘Press Release’ [Addis Ababa], 29 November. URL: <https://au.int/en/pressreleases/20231129/statement-auc-chairperson-situation-sierra-leone> (accessed: 30 June 2024).
AUC Chairperson 2024. ‘Press Release’ [Addis Ababa], 17 February. URL: <https://au.int/en/pressreleases/20240217/speech-he-moussa-faki-mahamat-chairperson-african-union-commission-thirty> (accessed: 30 June 2024).
EAC 2023. ‘Press Statement’ [Arusha], 17 February. URL: <https://www.eac.int/tb2/2-uncategorised/2916-the-mini-summit-on-peace-and-security-in-the-eastern-region-of-the-democratic-republic-of-congo-drc#:~:text=17th%20February%2C%202023%3A%20The,of%20the%20Congo%20(DRC)> (accessed: 30 June 2024).
ECCAS 2023a. ‘Communication CEEAC’ [Libreville], 3 May. URL: <https://ceeac-eccas.org/en/2023/05/03/in-search-of-solutions-to-the-chadian-crisis/> (accessed: 30 June 2024).
ECCAS 2023b. ‘Communiqué final’. 3rd Extraordinary ECCAS Assembly, Malabo, Equatorial Guinea, 31 August.
ECCAS 2023c. ‘Communication CEEAC’ [Libreville], 3 November. URL: <https://ceeac-eccas.org/en/2023/11/03/a-regional-retreat-to-revisit-and-revitalize-the-framework-agreement-for-peace-security-and-cooperation-in-dr-congo-and-the-region/> (accessed: 30 June 2024).
ECOWAS 2023a. ‘Final Communiqué’. 1st Extraordinary Session of the ECOWAS Authority, Abuja, Nigeria, 30 July.
ECOWAS 2023b. ‘Press Release’ [Freetown], 20 October. URL: <https://www.ecowas.int/press-statement-on-the-outcome-of-the-dialogue-between-the-government-of-sierra-leone-and-the-all-peoples-congress-party/> (accessed: 30 June 2024).
GoC 2023. ‘Statement’ [Ottawa], 20 January. URL: <https://www.canada.ca/en/global-affairs/news/2023/01/statement-on-peace-process-in-cameroon.html> (accessed: 30 June 2024).]
ICRC 2023. ‘Mozambique: humanitarian response improves living conditions in Cabo Delgado’. Geneva: International Committee of the Red Cross, 4 November.
IGAD 2023a. ‘Communiqué’. 40th Extraordinary Session of the IGAD Assembly. Virtual, 16 April.
IGAD 2023b. ‘Communiqué’. 14th Ordinary Session of the IGAD Assembly. Djibouti City, Djibouti, 12 June.
IGAD 2023c. ‘Communiqué’. 1st meeting of the IGAD Quartet Group. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 10 July.
IGAD 2023d. ‘Press Release’ [Djibouti], 22 November. URL: <https://igad.int/statement-of-the-igad-executive-secretary-on-the-government-of-ethiopia-and-oromo-liberation-army-talks/> (accessed: 30 June 2024).
MISAHEL 2023. ‘Accueil’. URL: <https://www.au-misahel.org> (accessed: 30 June 2024).
SADC 2023a. ‘Communiqué’. Extra-Ordinary Summit of the SADC Organ Troika, plus SADC Troika and FIB TCC s’ Heads of State and Government. Windhoek, Namibia, 8 May.
SADC 2023b. ‘Communiqué’. 43rd Ordinary Summit. Luanda, Angola, 17 August.
SADC 2024. ‘Press release: Deployment of the SADC Mission in the DRC, Gaborone, Botswana, 4 January’ [Gaborone], 4 January.
UN News 2023a. ‘Escalating Violence in Democratic Republic of Congo Exacerbating Humanitarian Crisis, Special Representative Warns Security Council, Urging Durable Political Solution’ [New York], 20 February’. SC 15596.
UN News 2023b. ‘UN chief “firmly condemns” Gabon coup, notes reports of election abuses’ [New York], 30 August.
UN News 2023c. ‘UN Political Settlement Among Libya’s Main Actors Crucial to Conducting Credible Elections, Special Representative Tells Security Council’ [New York], 18 December. SC/15535.
UN News 2023d. ‘Last UN peacekeepers poised for complete withdrawal from Mali’ [New York], 31 December.
UNHCR (UN High Commissioner for Refugees) 2024. ‘External Update. Sudan Situation. 31 January–7 February 2024’ [Geneva], 9 February. URL: <https://data.unhcr.org/en/documents/details/106541> (accessed: 30 June 2024).
UNOAU (UN Office to the African Union) 2023. ‘UNOAU participates in technical consultation on the revitalisation of the 2013 Peace, Security, and Cooperation Framework (PSCF) for the DRC and the Region’ [New York], 29 March.
UN Peacekeeping 2023a. ‘Strengthening security for peaceful and inclusive local elections in CAR’ [New York], 22 March.
UN Peacekeeping 2023b. ‘Tanzanian peacekeepers to be repatriated following abuse allegations’ [New York], 9 June.
UN Peacekeeping 2023c. ‘UN chief condemns deadly attack on peacekeepers in Central African Republic’ [New York], 11 July.
UNSG 2023a. ‘Report of the Secretary-General on the Situation in South Sudan’. New York, United States, 13 June. S/2023/433.
UNSG 2023b. ‘A New Agenda for Peace’. New York, July (= Common Agenda Policy Brief 9).
UNSG 2023c. ‘Report of the Secretary-General on the Situation in the Sudan and the activities of the UNITAMS’. New York, United States, 13 November. S/2023/86.
UNSG 2024. ‘Report of the Secretary-General on the activities of the United Nations Office for West Africa and the Sahel (UNOAWS)’. New York, United States, 2 January. S/2023/1075.
UNSC 2022. ‘Resolution on DRC’. 9226th UNSC meeting, New York, United States, 20 December. S/RES/2667 (2022).
UNSC 2023a. ‘Resolution on UNMISS mandate renewal.’ 9281st UNSC meeting, New York, United States, 15 March. S/RES/R (2677) 2023).
UNSC 2023b. ‘Resolution on South Sudan’. 9332nd UNSC meeting, New York, United States, 30 May. S/RES/2683 (2023).
UNSC 2023c. ‘Resolution on Sudan and UNITAMS’. 9337th UNSC meeting. New York, United States, 2 June. S/RES/2685 (2023).
UNSC 2023d. ‘Resolution on Somalia, The Horn of Africa, ATMIS’. 9359th UNSC meeting, New York, United States, 27 June. S/RES/2687 (2023).
UNSC 2023e. ‘Resolution on UNSMIL: Libya’. 9458th UNSC meeting, New York, United States, 30 October. S/RES/2702 (2023).
UNSC 2023f. ‘Resolution on Somalia’. 9491st UNSC meeting, New York, United States, 1 December. S/RES/2714 (2023).
UNSC 2023g. ‘Resolution on UNITAMS mandate termination’. 9492nd UNSC meeting, New York, United States, 1 December. S/RES/2715 (2023).
UNSC 2023h. ‘Resolution on cooperation with regional and sub-regional organisations’, 9518th UNSC meeting. New York, United States, 21 December. S/RES/2719 (2023).
UNSMIL 2023. ‘Remarks by SRSG Abdoulaye Bathily to the Security Council’ [New York], 18 December.
Aeby, Michael and Jean Pring 2023. ‘Development trajectories of mediation support structures in AU, ECOWAS, IGAD and SADC’, South African Journal of International Affairs 30 (1): 97–120.
Döring, Katharina P.W., Ulf Engel, Linnéa Gelot, and Jens Herpolsheimer (eds.) 2023. Recherches sur la vie intérieure de l’Architecture Africaine de Paix et de Sécurité (= AEGIS Series; 31). Leiden, Boston, MA: Brill.
Engel, Ulf 2023. ‘African Union Non-Military Conflict Interventions’. In F. Onditi et al. (eds.) The Palgrave Handbook of Diplomatic Thought and Practice in the Digital Age. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 313–331.
Khadiagala, Gilbert M. 2023. ‘The African Union Peace and Security Architecture (APSA) in Search for Peace and Security: The Record over the Past Twenty Years’, Comparativ 33 (1): 53–69.
Krösche, Niklas 2023. ‘Hybrid Regionalism in Africa: Towards a Theory of African Union Interventions’, African and Asian Studies 22 (1–2): 39–62.
ACSS 2024. ‘2024 Elections: Mozambique: October 9’. Washington, DC: Africa Centre for Strategic Studies, 17 January.
Amani Africa 2024a. ‘Consideration of the Report of AUC Chairperson on MNJTF and mandate renewal’. Addis Ababa: Amani Africa, 21 January.
Amani Africa 2024b. ‘The Peace and Security Council in 2023: The Year in Review’. Addis Ababa: Amani Africa, February.
Amnesty International 2023. ‘Cameroon: With or against us: People of the North-West region of Cameroon caught between the army, armed separatists and militias’. Amnesty International: London, 4 July.
ACLED 2023a. ‘Somalia: Counter-Insurgency Operation Gains Regional Support in Phase Two as al-Shabaab Attacks and Political Differences Persist’. Madison, WI: Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project, 21 April.
ACLED 2023b. ‘Regional Overview Africa May 2023: Guinea’. Madison, WI: Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project, 7 June.
ACLED 2023c. ‘Sudan: Conflict Intensifies Following the Breakdown of Jeddah Talks (Situation Update)’. Madison, WI: Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project, 23 June.
ACLED 2023d. ‘Q&A: What Do the Conflict Data Say About Zimbabwe’s Elections?’. Madison, WI: Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project, 25 August.
ACLED 2024a. ‘ACLED Conflict Index’. Madison, WI: Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project. URL: <https://acleddata.com/conflict-index/> (accessed: 30 June 2024).
ACLED 2024b. ‘Conflict Watch List 2024: The Sahel: A Deadly New Era in the Decades-Long Conflict’. Madison, WI: Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project, 17 January.
ACLED 2024c. ‘A decade after Chibok: Assessing Nigeria’s regional response to Boko Haram’. Madison, WI: Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project, 16 April.
CFR 2023. ‘Conflict in the Central African Republic’. New York, NY: Council on Foreign Relations., 10 August.
Chughtai, Ameer and Theodore Murphy (2023), ‘Conflict and interests: Why Sudan’s external mediation is a barrier to peace’. Berlin: European Council on Foreign Relations, 8 September.
EIU 2023. ‘Cameroonian president reshuffles senior security roles’. London: Economic Intelligence Unit, 1 September.
EPO 2023. ‘Monthly Update on ‘Western Oromia Conflict’. Addis Ababa: Ethiopia Peace Observatory, 29 September.
CDD-Ghana 2023. ‘Democracy in West Africa: Worrying signs, hopeful signals’. Accra: Ghana Center for Democratic Development, 9 November.
GCR2P 2024a. ‘Cameroun’. New York: The Global Centre for the Responsibility to Protect, 29 February.
GCR2P 2024b. ‘Nigeria’. New York: The Global Centre for the Responsibility to Protect, 29 February.
Global Initiative 2023. The Global Organised Crime Index 2023. Geneva: Global Initiative Against Transnational Organised Crime.
Henry, Archibald S. and Joseph Sany 2023. ‘Chad’s Political Transition at an Inflection Point’. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace.
ICG 2023a. ‘Ten Years After the Coup, Is the Central African Republic Facing Another Major Crisis? Q&A Africa’. Nairobi, Brussels: International Crisis Group, 22 March.
ICG 2023b. ‘Elections in DR Congo: Reducing the Risk of Violence’. Brussels: International Crisis Group (= ICG Africa Report No. 312).
ICG 2024. ‘Eight Priorities for the African Union in 2024’. Nairobi, Brussels (= ICG Briefing No. 195).
ICG 2024b. ‘Crisis watch: Cameroon’. Nairobi, Brussels, May.
IEP 2024. Global Terrorism Index 2024: Measuring the Impact of Terrorism. Sydney: Institute for Economics & Peace.
ISS (Institute for Security Studies) 2023a. ‘AU at 20: closing the gap between intentions and outcomes’, PSC Report [Pretoria], 24 January.
ISS 2023b. ‘The AU must take the lead on DRC’, PSC Report [Pretoria], 17 April.
ISS 2023c. ‘Community rivalries at the heart of Sahel insecurity’, PSC Report [Pretoria], 16 May 2023.
ISS 2023d. ‘Why aren’t more African Union decisions on security implemented?’, PSC Report [Pretoria], 17 August.
ISS 2023e. ‘Coordination flaws thwart continental peace-making efforts’, PSC Report [Pretoria], 24 August.
ISS 2023f. ‘Niger: another symptom of Africa’s weak crisis-response capacity’, ISS Today [Pretoria], 28 August.
ISS 2023g. ‘Is the AU failing coup countries?’, PSC Report [Pretoria], 1 September 2023.
ISS 2023h. ‘Time to resolve Cameroon’s persistent yet forgotten crisis’, ISS Today [Pretoria], 3 October.
ISS 2023i. ‘Gabon and the role of political transitions in preventing coups’, ISS Today [Pretoria], 25 October.
ISS 2023j. ‘Coups are back in Africa: what are continental and regional responses missing?’, ISS Policy Brief [Pretoria], 7 November.
ISS 2023k. ‘Why aren’t sanctions preventing coups in Africa?’, ISS Today [Pretoria], 20 November.
ISS 2023l. ‘Can Chad’s constitutional referendum still be saved?’, ISS Today [Pretoria], 6 December.
ISS 2023m. ‘Challenges loom before DRC voting day’, ISS Today [Pretoria], 14 December.
ISS 2024a. ‘Time for the Council to tick the ballot box?’, PSC Report [Pretoria], 21 February.
ISS 2024b. ‘UNMISS is crucial to free and fair elections in South Sudan’, ISS Today [Pretoria], 12 March.
ISS 2024c. ‘Cabo Delgado: two years since the Palma invasion’, ISS Today [Pretoria], 3 April.
Strategic Comments 2023. ‘High tension between Algeria and Morocco’, Strategic Comments 29 (9): viii–xi.
STPT (Sudan Transparency and Policy Tracker) 2023. ‘The Sudan Conflict Monitor Number 8’ [West Orange, NJ], 14 December.
ADF (Africa Defense Forum) 2024. ‘Mozambique takes aim at terrorists in last stronghold’ [Stuttgart], 23 January.
African Business 2023. ‘Senegal: President Macky Sall says he won’t run for a third term’ [London], 4 July.
Africa Confidential 2023. ‘Succès on K-Street’ [London], 64 (11), 25 May.
Africa Intelligence 2023. ‘Tshisekedi plans talks with Saint Egidio over Chadian mediation’ [Paris], 9 November.
Africanews 2023. ‘Senegal’s Macky Sall rules out controversial third term’ [Paris], 4 July.
AIM (Agência de Informação de Moçambique) 2024. ‘Rwanda promises more troops for Cabo Delgado’ [Maputo], 7 April.
AIM 2023. ‘Cabo Delgado to reopen borders with Tanzania’ [Maputo], 26 July.
Al Jazeera 2023a. ‘DRC’s President Tshisekedi reshuffles cabinet ahead of election’ [Doha], 24 March.
Al Jazeera 2023b. ‘Gabon’s military says deposed President Ali Bongo ‘free’ to travel abroad’ [Doha], 7 September.
Al Jazeera 2023c. ‘DR Congo President Tshisekedi seeks withdrawal of UN peacekeepers this year’ [Doha], 21 September.
Al Jazeera 2023d. ‘Madagascar president re-elected as opposition denounces irregularities’ [Doha], 25 November.
Al Jazeera 2023e. ‘Guinea-Bissau president says this week’s violence was “attempted coup”’ [Doha], 2 December.
BBC News 2023. ‘Niger coup leaders expel French, but not US, troops fighting jihadists’ [London], 21 December.
CNN 2024. ‘Libyan leaders agree unified government’ [Atlanta, GA], 11 March.
The Conversation 2024. ‘Jihadism in Mozambique: southern African forces are leaving with mixed results’ [Melbourne], 2 April.
Crisis24 2023. ‘Madagascar: Protests, heightened security likely nationwide through at least late November following first round of presidential elections. Update 5’ [Montréal], 16 November.
Dabanga 2023. ‘Sudan govt “terminates” UNITAMS – UN Secretary-General appoints new envoy’ [Netherlands], 22 November.
Deutsche Welle 2023. ‘Is Mozambique ready to restart its LNG projects?’ [Cologne], 5 May.
France24 2022. ‘Mali’s ruling junta asks France to withdraw troops “without delay”’ [Paris], 18 February.
France24 2023. ‘Gabon junta eyes two-year transition period before holding elections’ [Paris], 11 September.
France Diplomatie 2023. ‘République démocratique du Congo – Réélection de Félix Tshisekedi à la présidence de la République démocratique du Congo’ [Paris], 10 January 2024.
Le Monde 2023. ‘DR Congo leader Tshisekedi wins second term in already contested election’ [Paris], 31 December.
New York Times 2023. ‘Talking Peace in Sudan, the U.A.E. Secretly Fuels the Fight’ [New York], 29 September.
The Reporter 2023. ‘Ethiopia, Egypt to resume stalled GERD talks after leaders meet in Cairo’ [Addis Ababa], 13 July.
Reuters 2023a. ‘Mali asks United Nations to withdraw peacekeeping force’ [London], 16 June.
Reuters 2023b. ‘Sierra Leone election observers flag “statistical inconsistencies”’ [London], 29 June.
Reuters 2023c. ‘Somalia asks UN to delay peacekeeper drawdown after “significant setbacks”’ [London], 22 September.
Sudan Tribune 2023. ‘Chadian opponent arrested for supporting tribesmen fighting in Sudan’ [Paris], 11 June.
UNSCR (UN Security Council Report) 2023. ‘UN transitions in a fractured multilateral environment’ [New York], 11 December.
UNSCR 2024. ‘Libya: April 2024 Monthly forecast’ [New York], 31 March.
Voice of America 2023. ‘Mozambique Legalizes Local Militias to Help Fight Northern Insurgents’ [Washington, DC], 6 April.
Xinhua 2023. ‘Roundup: Sudanese gov’t rejects deployment of any foreign troops on its soil’ [Beijing], 12 July.
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