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Prior to Philip II, most sieges were decided either by betrayal from within or through starvation. Direct assault was seldom the cause for a besieged city to fall. Under Philip the Macedonians developed true siege tactics with the result that under that Macedonian king some cities were indeed, taken by assault; it was with Alexander that these tactics received their fullest implementation. Both father and son conducted successful sieges against strongly held and fortified positions. Philip’s siege arsenal was developed by Polyeides of Thessaly, whose disciples Diades and Charias later served Alexander the Great in a similar capacity. In his sieges, Philip brought to bear siege engines, launched continuous attacks against the walls and employed battering rams and mining techniques. As with his field army combining the use of differently armed forces simultaneously, Philip and Alexander likewise employed his siege weaponry in combination.
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