7. The role of diet in systemic and neural inflammation in obesity and metabolic syndrome
In: Handbook of nutrition in heart healthCentro Universitário São Camilo, São Paulo-SP, Brasil.
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Obesity is defined as the excessive accumulation of body fat that represents health consequences. The excessive adipose tissue is associated with chronic inflammation, which is related to metabolic complications. The prevalence of obese patients has increased in recent years, and this is observed even in children and adolescents. The combination of cardiometabolic alterations including elevated triglycerides, reduced high-density lipoprotein, high blood pressure, impaired fasting glucose, and increased abdominal circumference characterize metabolic syndrome (MetS). In addition, the prevalence of MetS has been associated with increased occurrences of coronary artery disease, stroke, and cardiovascular risks in adults. Recently, there is rising evidence regarding nutrients and bioactive compounds and nutrigenetic/nutrigenomic mechanisms that can trigger obesity and MetS control, in order to reduce cardiovascular risk factors. Thus, the present chapter aims to review the role of diet in systemic and neural inflammation in obesity and MetS. In summary, the importance of nutrition in disease prevention and treatment has gained much attention recently. The involvement of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) as the link between nutrients and inflammation suggests the close integration of nutrient and metabolic disease. Taken together, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and bioactive compounds have an important role in the inhibition of NF-κB signaling pathway, which may be a clinical strategy for the treatment of inflammation and metabolic disorders in obese individuals. On the other hand, excessive caloric intake, trans fatty, and saturated fatty acids can be involved in activation of NF-κB, promoting inflammation. This chapter will highlight mechanisms and clinical studies examining the effects of bioactive compounds and polyunsaturated fatty acids in order to contribute to obesity and MetS approach.