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There are some attempts to new research on the meaning and use of imitation in premodern culture, especially in philologies and sociology, not yet in history. Proofs for different interpretations of imitation can be found in historical sources, but hardly clear definitions. Apart from the religious traditions of an imitatio Christi, the difference between imitatio and aemulatio as well as between authority of tradition and outbidding independence or between character and role have been discussed in scolastic discourses and led to an wide perspective of interpreting imitation.