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Greece offers a unique case in the study of the role and position of Islam in Europe, not only because it is currently one of the main entry points of large numbers of Muslim immigrants into Europe but it is also home to an established indigenous Muslim minority that is historically connected to the Ottoman Empire and the millet system. This chapter will explore the socio-historical developments and the international treaties through which the Thracian Muslims were established as an indigenous minority in Greece. The discussion will also explore the religious organization and ethnic identification and belonging of Thracian Muslims in the context of the construction of the Greek (Orthodox) national identity.