A Hoard of Silver Rhyta of the Achaemenid Circle from Erebuni
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This paper is devoted to a treasure found in 1968. The hoard in “a large jug”, consisting of three silver rhyta, a silver goblet and a fifth, now missing object, was found during construction works at the foothill of the Erebuni citadel. The silver vessels were preserved in a jug in a flattened condition. Every piece of the Treasure is discussed in detail. Descriptions of the vessels are provided in a catalogue section.
The results of our analysis do not contradict the suggestion that the Treasure was possibly hidden in ca. 330 bc, thus assigning it a date more or less the same as that of the hoard from Pasargadae, which was also hidden in a clay vessel and most probably, like the Erebuni Treasure, coincided with the fall of the Achaemenid Empire.
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1
See, for example Kraay ‖ Moorey 1968, 228.
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2
See, for example Melikian-Chirvani 1993, 111-130.
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3
See, for example Miller 2010, 853-897; Rehm 2010, 161-194.
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6
Arakelyan 1971, 143-158; see, also: Arakelyan 1976, 42-44, pls. 56-59; Moorey 1980, 141-142; Tiratsyan 1988, 52-56, pl. ix.
-
8
Markaryan 2002, 166-177; Hačatrian ‖ Markarian 2003, 9-20; Khachatryan ‖ Margaryan 2003, 114-122; Arakelyan ‖ Krapetyan 2007, 190-191, pls. ci-civ; Stronakh 2010, 180-197; Ter-Martirosov 2010, 202-222; Markaryan 2011, 226-244; Stronach 2011, 251-274.
-
10
Back in 1985, P. Calmeyer had noted errors in the tracing concerning in particular details of the horse’s harness Calmeyer 1985, 129, note 41.
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11
See, in particular Cremer 1984, 88, fig. 1; von Graeve 1987, 142, fig. 13; Pfrommer 1998, 52, fig. 6; Yatsenko 2006, fig. 9. It is in this form that the depiction figures in the corrected and extended on-line version of S. A. Yatsenko’s book: http://www.narodko.ru/article/yatsenko/eurazia/glava1/. An “improved” version of the first tracing, to which details in the rendering of the horseman’s trousers have been added, was published in 2003 (Hačatrian ‖ Markarian 2003, 11, fig. 2). It was only in 2010-2011 that a reliable tracing of the rhyton’s protome was published, which had been executed by a member of the Erebuni Expedition of the University of California in Berkeley, T. Nersesyan: it is to be found in both the Armenian and English versions of the article by D. Stronach (Stronakh 2010, 190, fig. 2; Stronach 2011, 258, fig. 5).
-
13
Savel’eva ‖ Smirnov 1972, 114-115, fig. 5; Manassero 2008, 57, No. 38; 65, pl. xvii; Treister 2010, 356-362, figs. 2-4; Treister 2013b, 85-90, No. A9.1.1.1 with bibliography, pls. i.22-25; ii.6, 1; figs. I.17-18; ii.34, 1.
-
14
Savel’eva ‖ Smirnov 1972, 115.
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15
Melikan-Chirvani 1993, 26-27, figs. 8-9; Cat. Berlin 1996, No. 206; Summerer 2003, 29-30, fig. 8; Manassero 2007a, 126, fig. 14, b; Manassero 2008, 58, No. 55; 89, pl. xix.
-
17
Marazov 1978, 30-33, figs. 23-24; Dörig 1987, 18, No. 12; Cat. Saint Louis 1998, 187, No. 124; Ebbinghaus 1999, 390; Cat. Bonn 2004, 155-156, No. 221.b; Manassero 2008, 148, No. 16; 150-151, 165, pl. xlv; Valeva 2008, 14-15, fig. 16.
-
18
Marazov 1978, 36-39, figs. 29-30; Dörig 1987, 18, No. 10; Cat. Saint Louis 1998, 223, No. 174; Stoyanov 1998, 71-77; Ebbinghaus 1999, 391, 392, fig. 1.b; Cat. Bonn 2004, 195, No. 226.c; Manassero 2008, 148, No. 16; 150-151, 165, pl. xlv; Valeva 2008, 14-15, fig. 17.
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20
Vorob’eva 1959, 108-110, figs. 17, 1; 18; Vorob’eva 1967, 111-112, fig. 47; Vainberg 1994, 74, fig. 8; Kalalÿ-Gÿr 2, 2004, 164-165, fig. 5, 1; Manassero 2008, 63, Nos. 106-108; 97, pl. xxvii.
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21
Amiet 1983, 87-88, fig. 10.
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22
Calmeyer 1985, 143-144; Bittner 1987, 235, pl. 36.
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24
Tanabe 1989, 529, 535, pl. I.
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25
Manassero 2008, 58, No. 50; 67, 88, pl. xviii.
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29
Schmidt 1957, pl. 79, 3-5; Moorey 1985, 30; Cat. London 2005, 219, No. 387.
-
30
Schmidt 1953, 207-210.
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31
Amiet 1998, 143-153; Amiet 2010, 350, fig. 386.
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32
Smirnov 1961, 89-90; Smirnov 1964, 219.
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33
See, for example Treïster 2010, 361.
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34
See Érlikh 2010, 88-89, 95, fig. 9, 1-6.
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35
Nadiradze 1990, 31-32, 157, pl. xxvi, 1; Érlikh 2010, 89, No. 2 (with a bibliography); 95, fig. 9, 2, 5.
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40
See, in general Moorey 1980, 63, 70-72; Donder 1980, No. 102, pl. 12; Besenval 1982, 177-178; Moorey 1985, 29-30; Valmeyer 1985, 141; Muscarella 1988, 213-214; Pfrommer 1998, 85, note 577.
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41
Schmidt 1957, 100, pls. 78, 2-4; 79, 7-9; Cat. London 2005, 218, Nos. 383-384.
-
42
Potratz 1966, 117, pl. lii, 122; Cat. London 2005, 218, No. 385.
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43
Potratz 1966, 117, pl. lii, 124b; Moorey 1980, No. 228, fig. 10; Cat. London 2005, 218, No. 386.
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45
Schmidt 1953, pl. 43; Walser 1966, pls. 24; 84 (top); Calmeyer 1985, 132, pl. 49.
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46
Schmidt 1953, pl. 32; Ghirshman 1964, pl. 224; Walser 1966, pls. 13, 47-48; Calmeyer 1985, 134, pl. 48.
-
47
Walser 1966, pl. 29; Calmeyer 1985, 135, pl. 50, 1.
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48
Schmidt 1953, pl. 29; Ghirshman 1964, pl. 222; Walser 1966, pl. x; Calmeyer 1985, 129-130, pl. 45, 1.
-
49
Schmidt 1953, pl. 35; Walser 1966, pl. 16; Calmeyer 1985, 130-131, pls. 46-47; Pfrommer 1998, 80-81, note 546.
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50
Schmidt 1953, pl. 37; Walser 1966, pls. 18, 83 (bottom); Calmeyer 1985, pl. 43.
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52
Arakelyan 1971, 44.
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53
Stronach 2011, 259, 263. At the same time, however, in the Armenian version of the article or at least in its resumé a narrower date range is given for the rhyton: the second half of the 5th century bc (Stronakh 2010, 197).
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54
Marazov 1978, 50-53, figs. 42-43; Luschey 1983, 326, No. B 13, pl. 59, 4; Dörig 1987, 19, No. 14; Cat. Saint Louis 1998, 225, No. 176; Ebbinghaus 1999, 390-392, fig. 1, a; Cat. Bonn 2004, 195, No. 226.d; Cat. Paris 2006, 76-77, No. 15; Cat. Basel 2007, 197, 199, No. 136.d; Manassero 2008, 148, No. 17; 150, 165, pl. xlv; Valeva 2008, 18-19, fig. 26; Rehm 2010, 172, fig. 8; Stoyanov 2010, 411, 413-414, fig. 4; Stoyanov 2011, 53-66.
-
56
Stronach 1978, 177; Williams 2005, 111.
-
59
Carter 2001, 168, fig. 2; Manassero 2008, 57, No. 41; 87, pl. xvii.
-
60
Manassero 2008, 56, No. 31; 85, pl. xv.
-
62
Dalton 1964, 42, No. 178; pl. xxii; Cat. London 2005, 122, No. 119; Manassero 2008, 73, No. 126; 100, pl. xxx.
-
63
Vickers 2002, 334.
-
64
Harmatta 1979, 306. See also: Khachatryan ‖ Margaryan 2003, 117.
-
65
Apart from D. Stronach: Stronach 2011, 260, 261-262.
-
68
Dalton 1964, Addendum to plates, after pl. xl; Cat. London 2005, 226, No. 408.
-
69
For more details, see: Treïster 2010, 359.
-
71
Tanabe 1989, 529, 535, pl. i.
-
73
See, in general Bittner 1987, 238-241. See also, for example Boardman 2000, 143, fig. 4.14 a; see also note 75 below.
-
74
Arakelyan 1971, 147; Harmatta 1979, 306.
-
75
Tiratsyan 1988, 53.
-
76
Yatsenko 2006, 39; http://www.narodko.ru/article/yatsenko/eurazia/glava1/. With criticism of the viewpoint of Shakhbazi (http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/clothing-ii) to the effect that the head-dress could have been made out of felt.
-
78
von Graeve 1987, 134, fig. 1; Boardman 1994, 48, fig. 2.36; Calmeyer 1996, 227, fig. 4; Boardman 2000, 182, fig. 5.63; Paspalas 2000b, 542, fig. 9; Brosius 2010, 142, 145, fig. 13.5.
-
79
Moorey 1978, 149, fig. 8; Boardman 2000, 164, fig. 5.21; Wu Xin 2010, 552-553, fig. 51.8; Yatsenko 2011, 505, fig. 4, 3; 508.
-
80
Harmatta 1979, 306-308; Tiratsyan 1988, 53; Pfrommer 1998, 116.
-
81
Luschey 1972, 257, pl. 69, 1; Rehm 1992, 454, fig. 76; Cat. London 2005, 95, No. 77; Soudavar 2010, 124, 127, fig. 12.8.
-
82
Dalton 1964, 15, No. 33, pl. xii; Cat. London 2005, 146-147, No. 185.
-
83
Soudavar 2010, 124.
-
84
Stronach 2011, 260.
-
85
Mellink 1972, 265-266, pl. 58, figs. 16, 18; Dentzer 1982, 571, No. R 34, fig. 224; Boardman 1990, 128, pl. 12b; Özgen ‖ Öztürk 1996, 47, figs. 88-89; Boardman 2000, 200, fig. 5.84; Cat. London 2005, 46, fig. 14; Miller 2011, 96, fig. 1; 100.
-
87
Dalton 1964, 19-20, No. 48, pl. xiv; Curtis ‖ Searight 2003, No. 1, fig. 2, 1; Cat. London 2005, 166, No. 213.
-
89
Dalton 1964, 21, No. 61; 23, No. 82; 24, No. 85; Curtis ‖ Searight 2003, 226, fig. 3, 19-20; 229, fig. 6, 44; Cat. London 2005, 162-165, 167, Nos. 225, 232, 254. See also plates from the so-called second part of the Oxus Treasure: Cat. Miho 2002, 82, No. 68, h, m (ills.); 86, No. 75, d, g, j (ills.); 239, 241.
-
90
Amiet 1972, 183-184, No. 2, pl. v, 2b.
-
91
Barnett 1974, 895, fig. 122; 898, fig. 125.
-
92
On the dating of the hoard, see: Luschey 1983, 328; Hachmann ‖ Penner 1999, 126: ca. 404 bc; Miller 2010, 860-861: ca. 410 bc; Shefton 1993, 180: ca. 400 bc; Pfrommer 1983, 275, note 198: end of the 5th – beginning of the 4th century bc; Pfrommer 1987, 180: beginning of the 4th century bc.
-
94
Maximova 1928, 670, fig. 25; Maksimova 1956, 193, fig. 3; Zazoff 1983, 151, note 135; Neverov 1986, 19; 145, pl., i, 4; Boardman 2001, 220, 297, 316, pl. 681; Williams ‖ Ogden 1994, 158, No. 97; Cat. Bonn 1997, 144, No. 55; Cat. Amsterdam 2004, 50, fig. 23; 51, 86; Cat. Malibu 2007, 148, No. 55.
-
97
Furtwängler 1900, 52, pl. x, 27; Maximova 1928, 670.
-
99
Maksimova 1956, 193.
-
100
Williams ‖ Ogden 1994, 158.
-
102
Maksimova 1956, 195; Neverov 1986, 19.
-
103
Maksimova 1956, 194, fig. 4 (with a date between 378 and 372 bc); Boardman 2000, 177, fig. 5.52; Moysey 1986, 19-21, pl. 5, 51-59 (with the date 369/8-361/0 bc).
-
105
Chernenko 1984, 29-33; Litvinskiï 2001, 226-233, pl. 54. In both articles the tracing of the akinakes on the rhyton from Erebuni is given with more (Chernenko 1984, 30, fig. 16, 4) or less significant (Litvinskiï 2001, pl. 54, 3) distortions.
-
106
Walser 1966, pls. 31, 34.
-
107
For example, in the Council Hall Schmidt 1953, pl. 65, C-D.
-
108
Schmidt 1953, pl. 37; Walser 1966, pls. 56-57.
-
110
Sevinç ‖ Rose 2001, 389-391, figs. 4-6; 395-396, figs. 11-12; Rose 2007, 254-255, 264, figs. 12-13. For the dating of the sarcophagus and the possible historical context for its creation, see: Sevinç ‖ Rose 2001, 401-402; Rose 2007, 254.
-
113
Dalton 1964, 13, No. 24, pl. x; Litvinsky 2001, 157-158, fig. 9; Cat. London 2005, 220-221, No. 396. M. Pfrommer considers this phalera to be of Early Hellenistic date: Pfrommer 1998, 87, note 591.
-
114
Ghirshman 1964, 261, fig. 315; Cat. London 2005, 226, No. 409.
-
115
Rudenko 1953, 351-356, fig. 196, pls. cxv-cxvi; Rudenko 1961, 23-29, fig. 14, pl. iii; Rubinson 1990, 52, fig. 5, a-b; 55-56; Lerner 1991, 9-10, 12, fig. 9; Polos’mak ‖ Barkova 2005, 138, 157, fig. 4.10; Francfort ‖ Lepetz 2010, 76, fig. 18 (top left).
-
116
Boardman 2000, 159-160, fig. 5.14; Boardman 2001, 351, pl. 831; Cat. Speyer 2006, 45; Francfort ‖ Lepetz 2010, 73, 75, fig. 17 (top).
-
117
Nollé 1992, 59-60, pl. 6.
-
118
Sevinç ‖ Rose 2001, 389-391, figs. 4-6; 396, figs. 11-12; 397.
-
119
Rolle, Murzin, ‖ Alekseev 1998, 31, No. 191, colour plate 25, 2; Nefedkin 1998, 71-76; Cat. New York 2000, 233-235, No. 164 with bibliography; Pfrommer 2002, 267-274.
-
120
Knauer 1990, 282.
-
121
Amiet 1972, 189, pl. iii, 5.
-
123
Boardman 2001, 306, 309, 351, pl. 843.
-
124
Boardman 2001, 311, 352, pl. 864.
-
125
Boardman 2001, 316-317, 354, pls. 904, 905.
-
126
Boardman 2001, 318, 354-355, pls. 924, 927.
-
132
von Graeve 1987, 140-143, figs. 9-12; Pfrommer 1998, 51, fig. 5.
-
133
von Graeve 1987, 143; Pfrommer 1998, 51.
-
134
Hačatrian ‖ Markarian 2003, 11.
-
135
Stronach 2011, 263, note 39.
-
137
Arakelyan 1971, 143, 147; Arakelyan 1976, 43; Tiratsyan 1988, 53; Khachatryan ‖ Margaryan 2003, 116, 120; Orontes i, son of the Bactrian king Artasyras and son-in-law of Artaxerxes ii: Harmatta 1979, 308-311; Cremer 1984, 87, note 3; Cat. Nantes 1996, 198, 200; Ter-Martirosov 2010, 212-213, 219; this identification is rejected by Khachatryan ‖ Margaryan 2003, 120 – at the same time they consider that this is a depiction of a satrap and they date the rhyton to the first half of the 4th century bc, i.e. to the time when precisely Orontes was the satrap of Armenia.
-
138
Pfrommer 1998, 54; Khachatryan ‖ Margaryan 2003, 116.
-
139
Pfrommer 1998, 54.
-
140
Khachatryan ‖ Margaryan 2003, 121-122. F. Ter-Martirosov goes still further (Ter-Martirosov 2010, 211) describing these lost “inlays” as “semi-precious stones”, probably turquoise.
-
141
Stronach 2011, 263, note 39.
-
142
Armbruster 2005, 135-136; Armbruster 2010, 401-402.
-
146
Moorey 1988a, 67, 69, pl. 84; Cat. London 2005, 122, No. 120; Manassero 2008, 56, No. 32 with bibliography; 86, pl. xvi.
-
148
See, for example Yatsenko 2006, 65-66, fig. 27, 48-67.
-
150
Raeck 1981, 326, Nos. P 552, 560, 565, 585; 327, No. P 602, figs. 42, 44-46, 51-52, 56, 59; Bittner 1987, pls. 6-8; 27.
-
152
Filow 1934, 46, No. 14, figs. 55-59; 199-206; pl. iii; Amandry 1959, 39-41, pl. 20, 3; Marazov 1978, 27-30, figs. 19-20; Luschey 1983, 323-324, No. A2, fig. 4, pl. 59, 2; Agre 1984, 72-79; Moorey 1988a, 83-84, pl. 105; Pfrommer 1990b, 193, note 13, pl. 40, 2; Cat. Saint Louis 1998, No. 117; von Gall 1999, 154, 156-157, figs. 7-8; Boardman 2000, 190, fig. 5.71; Paspalas 2000a, 141, No. 5; Cat. Basel 2007, 177, No. 124a; Miller 2010, 872.
-
154
Filow 1934, 200, fig. 212; Robinson 1950, 47-48, No. 24, pl. 23; Amandry 1959, 46-48, pl. 23, 4-5; Reade 1986, 80, No. 24, pl. ii, a-d; Pfrommer 1990b, 195; Rehm 1992, 43, fig. 18; Cat. London 2005, 125, No. 129.
-
155
Treister 2010, 237-238, fig. 10; Treister 2013a, 71-78, No. A13.2.3.3 with bibliography; colour plates i.11, 6; ii.26, 1; pls. i.6-9, figs. 1.6-9; ii. 82, 1.
-
159
On that battle, see Waterfield 2006, 1-19.
-
161
Savel’eva ‖ Smirnov 1972, 115-116, fig. 6; Pfrommer 1998, 54, 61; Treïster 2010, 362-367 with bibliography, figs. 5-8; Treister 2013c, 158-160, No. A9.1.1.2 with bibliography, pls. i.88-89; ii.6, 2-3; fig. i. 66-67; ii.34, 2.
-
162
Treister 2010, 245, 247, fig. 18; Treister 2013c, 172, Nos. A13.2.3.24-25 with bibliography; colour plate i.32; pls. i.100-104; ii.15, 3; i.76-77; ii.83, 1-2.
-
164
Treister ‖ Yablonsky 2013, 316-318.
-
166
Rehm 1999, 48, No. 20.
-
168
Luschey 1983, 326, No. B14; Dörig 1987, 10-18, No. 9, pls. 2-12; Stoyanov 1998, 78, fig. 5, 2; Cat. Saint Louis 1998, 222, No. 173; Cat. Bonn 2004, 195, No. 226a; Cat. Paris 2006, 70-71, No. 12; Manassero 2007b, 20-25, figs. 16-17; Cat. Basel 2007, 195-196, No. 136.a; Miller 2010, 867; Valeva 2008, 25-26, figs. 47-50.
-
170
Treister 2010, 238-239, fig. 11; Treister 2013b, 90-92.
-
171
Filow 1934, 46, fig. 55.
-
173
Arakelyan 1971, 151; Ter-Martirossov ‖ Deschamps 2007, 70.
-
174
Marazov 1974, 36.
-
175
Markaryan 2002, 176; Hačatrian ‖ Markarian 2003, 20; Markaryan 2011, 241. Cf. the date for the rhyton proposed by N. Manassero – the second half or end of the 4th century bc (Manassero 2008, 141).
-
176
Stronach 2011, 270.
-
177
Summerer 2006, 139. She dates the Erebuni rhyton in the same way as the rhyton from Kazbegi; when dating the latter she started out from the opinion of I. Marazov and M. Pfrommer (see Summerer 2006, 139, note 41).
-
178
For parallels see Treïster 2006, 437-439.
-
179
Tiratsyan 1988, 54-55.
-
181
Markaryan 2002, 171, 176; Hačatrian ‖ Markarian 2003, 18.
-
182
Arakelyan 1976, 55; Summerer 2006, 137; Stronach 2011, 269.
-
183
Summerer 2006, 136; Stronach 2011, 265.
-
184
Stronach 2011, 264, fig. 10.
-
190
See, for example Baker 1966, 267, figs. 416-417.
-
191
Boardman 2000, 159-160, fig. 5.8; Miller 2011, 101, fig. 5.
-
192
Zazoff 1983, pl. 41, 4; fig. 50, c; Koch 1992, 247, 249, fig. 176; Boardman 2000, 171-172, fig. 5.41; Boardman 2001, 313-314, pl. 880; Llewellyn-Jones 2010, 168-169, fig. 15.1, e; Miller 2011, 102, 104, fig. 9.
-
193
Boardman 2001, 316, pl. 892; Llewellyn-Jones 2010, 168; 169, fig. 15.1, f; 170.
-
194
Summerer 2006, 136.
-
195
Summerer 2006, 136.
-
196
Summerer 2006, 137.
-
197
Stronach 2011, 266.
-
199
Goldman 1991, 95-97, figs. 23-32; Koch 1992, 247-249, figs. 174-176; 250, fig. 179; Boardman 2001, 310, 317, pls. 854, 879-880, 891-892, 903; figs. 283, 289, 294, 297; Gates 2002, 113, fig. 6; Llewellyn-Jones 2010, 169, fig. 15.1, b, e-f; 172, fig. 15.2, a-b; Christie’s New York, Antiquities, 4 June 1999, Lot 81.
-
201
Paspalas 2000b, 532, fig. 2; Tsigarida ‖ Ignatiadou 2000, 61, fig. 57; Lerner 2010, 155, fig. 14.3.
-
203
Abka’i-Khavari 1988, 137, fig. 13.
-
204
For more details, see Miller 2011, 98-100; cf., for example, the depiction of a “banquet in a garden” scene in a relief from Ashurbanipal’s palace in Nineveh: Reade 1995, 42, fig. 7; 53, fig. 23; Baughan 2011, 25, 27, fig. 15; Miller 2011, 100, fig. 15; 122, note 10 with bibliography.
-
205
Goldman 1991, 95-97, figs. 24, 29; Koch 1992, 247-249, figs. 176-177; Boardman 2001, 310, 317, pls. 854, 880, 892, fig. 283; Gates 2002, 113, fig. 6; Llewellyn-Jones 2010, 169, fig. 15.1, b, e-f. A scaraboid purchased in Kerch. State Hermitage Museum, Inv. No. Ж 427 (Cat. St. Petersburg 2004, 33, No. 24).
-
206
On this subject, see Zazoff 1983, 166-167.
-
207
Marchenko 1960, 25-28; Nikulina 1965, 186, fig. 1, 11; 192-195; Finogenova 1993, 19-20, No. 3; Nikulina 1994, 99, fig. 516; Finogenova 2010, 368, fig. 28; Treister 2010, 255, No. 14; Cat. Moscow 2012, 161, No. 114; Treïster ‖ Tugusheva 2014, 398, 404, fig. 1, 1.
-
209
Paspalas 2000b, 532, fig. 2; Lerner 2010, 155, fig. 14. 3.
-
211
Baughan 2011, 26, 30, fig. 20; Miller 2011, 110-112, fig. 16.
-
215
Vickers 2008, 42 (ill. top); Kacharava ‖ Kvirkelia 2008b, 293-294, fig. 48, d.
-
216
Miller 2011, 98, with a commentary on the description of this custom by Xenophon (Xen. Cyr. 1. 3. 8). See also on this subject Tuplin 2011, 155.
-
217
Rudenko 1953, 207, 348-351, figs. 190-191, pl. cxvii, 3; Rudenko 1961, 13-21, fig. 6; Rubinson 1990, 54-55, fig. 11; Goldman 1991, 92, fig. 18; 94; Lerner 1991, 10-12, fig. 11; Cat. St. Petersburg 2004, 45-47, No. 48; Polos’mak ‖ Barkova 2005, 111-136, fig. 3.21; 3.25; Tsareva 2006, 247-250, fig. 5.10: edging and bodice in Egypt; a kilim “with towers” in the Eastern Mediterranean (Syria); Wu Xin 2007, 122-123, fig. 5.1; Lerner 2010, 158, fig. 14.6.
-
218
Culican 1975, 100-112, pls. xiii, xv, xvii, b, xix, xxiii, a.
-
219
Culican 1975, 103, fig. 9, pl. xxii, a; Goldman 1991, 87, fig. 8; 92; Koch 1992, 245-246, fig. 173.
-
220
Culican 1975, 109, fig. 8, b, pl. xx, b; Moorey 2002, 214-215, fig. 5.
-
221
Khalil 1986, 103-110, figs. 1-2, pl. xvi; Goldman 1991, 89, fig. 14; 93-94; Moorey 2002, 214.
-
222
Culican 1975, 109, fig. 8, a, pl. xx, a; Goldman 1991, 88, fig. 12; 93; Koch 1992, 242, fig. 171; 244.
-
224
Pekridou-Gorecki 1989, 74, fig. 47.
-
225
Kosmopoullou 2002, 96, 231-232, No. 55, fig. 87 (second half of the 4th century bc).
-
229
Schmidt 1957, 66-67, pls. 29-30; Gauer 1990, 31-65, fig. 1, 3; Boardman 2000, 111, fig. 3.32: ca. 450 bc; Cat. Speyer 2006, 160-161.
-
232
See, for example Richter 1966, pls. 188, 214; West 1992, 55, pl. 15; Cat. Baltimore 1995, 206-210, Nos. 44-45; Bundrick 2005, 15-17, figs. 5-7; 24, fig. 12; 27, fig. 14; 94, fig. 58; 100, fig. 60.
-
233
Maas ‖ Snyder 1989, 175-178, 192-193; West 1992, 56.
-
234
Paquette 1984, 104-105, No. C4; 106-107, No. C6; 114-115, Nos. C22-C23; 126-127, Nos. C48-C49; West 1992, 55-56, pl. 17.
-
235
Ajootian 1998, 122-123, fig. 68; Rolley 1999, 253, fig. 250; 254, note 89 with a bibliography (ca. 330 bc); Kosmopoullou 2002, 147-150, 248-251; No. 63 with bibliography (on page 251), fig. 107.
-
236
Parlasca 2009, 252, fig. 11a.
-
237
See, in general Treister 2000, 177-179; Körpe ‖ Treister 2002, 435-437, fig. 7; Sevinç ‖ Treister 2003, 244; Körpe 2004, 141-145. On the depiction of the Muse with the harp, see Williams ‖ Ogden 1994, 108-109, No. 62.
-
239
Tsimbidou-Avlonti 2002, 94, pl. 22, A-B; Cat. New York 2004, 149-150; 151 (ill. in the centre); Zimi 2011, 17-18, fig. 5, 7.
-
241
Boardman 1990, 126, pl. 11, a-b.
-
243
Sini 1997, 162; Tsimbidou-Avlonti 2002, 94. See, for example, depictions on Campanian krateres ca. 340 bc in Vienna and Naples: Dentzer 1982, 131, Nos. VCa 9-10, figs. 121-122; ThesCRAii. 2004, s.v. Le banquet en Grèce (P. Schmitt Pantel, F. Lissarague), 245, No. 213; on Attic krateres of the 4th century bc: Sini 1997, 159-165, figs. 1-3, 5.
-
245
Fabricius 1999.
-
247
Ebbinghaus 1999, 397-405; Valeva 2008, 20-22; Marazov 2009, 45, 48.
-
249
Puschi ‖ Winter 1902, 112-127, pls., 1-2, figs. 27, 31-32, 36; Simon 1967, 101-126; Marazov 1978, 74-76, figs. 71-74; Pfrommer 1983, 265-268, note 157 with a bibliography, figs. 31-32; Dörig 1987, 8-9, pl. 1, a-b; Giumlia-Mair ‖ La Niece 1998, 139-145; Giumlia-Mair 2002, 126-131; Summerer 2006, 137-138, pls. 1, 3; 2, 3; Valeva 2008, 22-23, fig. 39.
-
250
Marazov 1974, 32-33, figs. 1-2; Marazov 1978, 55-60, figs. 50-51; Pfrommer 1983, 268-269, note 164 with bibliography; Summerer 2006, 135-143, pls., 1, 1, 2, 1; Valeva 2008, 20-21, figs. 32-33.
-
252
Berciu 1969, 236-238, 259-260, fig. 11, pls. 135-136; Marazov 1974, 34-35, fig. 3; Marazov 1978, 58-62, 141, 143-144, figs. 54-57 (beginning of the 3rd century bc); Pfrommer 1983, 270; Luschey 1983, 329, No. B. 25; pl. 60, 2.
-
253
Luschey 1983, 329, No. B 25.
-
254
Ewigleben 1989, 26-30.
-
255
Ebbinghaus 1999, 403, 406.
-
256
Arakelyan 1971, 140; Marazov 1974, 36; Marazov 1978, 60.
-
257
Marazov 1978, 55-62, figs. 50-57; 70-76, figs. 66-74; 143-144; Pfrommer 1983, 281; Summerer 2006, 139; Manassero 2008, 137-148.
-
259
Kitov 2007, 23, 47, fig. 3; Kitov 2008, 145-146, fig. 22; Mavrov 2008, 122-124, figs. 1-10; Marazov 2009, 20-61; Stoyanov 2010, 415-416, note 48.
-
260
Filow 1934, 166-169, figs. 182-183, pl. 10; Marazov 1974, 35, fig. 4; Marazov 1978., 68-71, figs. 66-70; Cat. Cologne 1979, 154 (ill.), 160, No. 314; Pfrommer 1983, 268-269; Cat. Saint Louis 1998, 140-141, No. 66; Manassero 2008, 137, No. 1; 162, pl. xlii; Valeva 2008, 20-21, fig. 31.
-
261
Filow 1934, 163-171.
-
262
Filow 1934, 169-170, Nos. 1-3; Pfrommer 1987, 178, note 1290; 181.
-
263
Pfrommer 1987, 181, No. fk 147.
-
264
Kitov 2007, 47; Kitov 2008, 146,-147, fig. 24; Kitov ‖ Dimitrov 2008, 26, 29, fig. 6.
-
265
Kitov 2007, 47-48, fig. 5; Kitov 2008, 146, fig. 23; Kitov ‖ Dimitrov 2008, 26, 29, fig. 5.
-
267
Kraay ‖ Moorey 1981, 1-19.
-
268
Kraay ‖ Moorey 1981, 17-18.
-
269
Pfisterer 2000.
-
270
Pfisterer 2000, 78; Summerer 2003, 38; Summerer 2005/2006, 272-273; Treister 2013a, 61.
-
271
Manassero 2007a, 123.
-
272
Pfisterer 2000, 79.
-
273
Summerer 2003, 39; Manassero 2007a, 127.
-
274
Marazov 1978, 76-88, figs. 75-77, 79-86; Cat. Saint Louis 1998, 146-147, Nos. 73-75; Cat. Bonn 2004, 227, No. 233. d-f; Cat. Paris 2006, Nos. 67-69; Cat. Basel 2007, 202, 204, No. 137. c-e.
-
275
Hoffmann 1966, 18-19, 106.
-
276
Arakelyan 1971, 154.
-
277
Ter-Martirosov 2010, 214, 219.
-
278
Hačatrian ‖ Markarian 2003, 20; Stronach 2011, 270.
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A Hoard of Silver Rhyta of the Achaemenid Circle from Erebuni
In: Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to SiberiaSearch for other papers by Mikhail Yu. Treister in
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This paper is devoted to a treasure found in 1968. The hoard in “a large jug”, consisting of three silver rhyta, a silver goblet and a fifth, now missing object, was found during construction works at the foothill of the Erebuni citadel. The silver vessels were preserved in a jug in a flattened condition. Every piece of the Treasure is discussed in detail. Descriptions of the vessels are provided in a catalogue section.
The results of our analysis do not contradict the suggestion that the Treasure was possibly hidden in ca. 330 bc, thus assigning it a date more or less the same as that of the hoard from Pasargadae, which was also hidden in a clay vessel and most probably, like the Erebuni Treasure, coincided with the fall of the Achaemenid Empire.
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