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The distribution and biogeography of slow worms (Anguis, Squamata) across the Western Palearctic, with an emphasis on secondary contact zones

In: Amphibia-Reptilia
Authors:
Daniel Jablonski Department of Zoology, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 6, Mlynská dolina, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia

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Neftalí Sillero CICGE Centro de Investigação em Ciências Geo-Espaciais, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto (FCUP), Alameda do Monte da Virgem, 4430-146, Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal

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https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3490-3780
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Oleksandra Oskyrko Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 44 Prague, Czech Republic

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https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0092-4193
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Adriana Bellati Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, Tuscia University, Largo dell’università snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy

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Andris Čeirāns Daugavpils University, Department of Ecology, Daugavpils, Latvia

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https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6035-8704
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Marc Cheylan CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE-PSL University, IRD, Biogeography and Ecology of Vertebrates, Montpellier, France

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https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7594-571X
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Dan Cogălniceanu University Ovidius Constanţa, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Agricultural Sciences, Al. Universităţii 1, 900470 Constanţa, Romania

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Jelka Crnobrnja-Isailović Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, University of Niš, Višegradska 33, 18000 Niš, Serbia
Department of Evolutionary Biology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković” – National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia

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Pierre-André Crochet CEFE, CNRS, Univ Montpellier, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France

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Angelica Crottini CIBIO, Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, InBIO, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, No 7, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal

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Igor Doronin Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Universitetskaya Emb. 1, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia

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https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1000-3144
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Georg Džukić Department of Evolutionary Biology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković” – National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia

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Philippe Geniez CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE-PSL University, IRD, Biogeography and Ecology of Vertebrates, Montpellier, France

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Çetin Ilgaz Dokuz Eylül University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Buca-İzmir, Turkey
Dokuz Eylül University, Fauna and Flora Research Centre, 35610, Buca-İzmir, Turkey

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Ruben Iosif University Ovidius Constanţa, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Agricultural Sciences, Al. Universităţii 1, 900470 Constanţa, Romania

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David Jandzik Department of Zoology, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 6, Mlynská dolina, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia

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Dušan Jelić Croatian Institute for Biodiversity, BIOTA Ltd, Zagreb, Croatia

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https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2790-1522
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Spartak Litvinchuk Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky pr. 4, 194064 Saint Petersburg, Russia

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https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7447-6691
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Katarina Ljubisavljević Department of Evolutionary Biology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković” – National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia

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Petros Lymberakis Natural History Museum of Crete, School of Sciences and Engineering, University of Crete, Knossos Ave. 71409 Irakleio, Greece

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Peter Mikulíček Department of Zoology, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 6, Mlynská dolina, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia

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Edvárd Mizsei Department of Ecology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary

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Jiří Moravec National Museum, Department of Zoology, Prague, Czech Republic

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Bartłomiej Najbar University of Zielona Góra, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Department of Zoology, Prof. Z. Szafrana 1, 65-616, Zielona Góra, Poland

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Maciej Pabijan Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Kraków, Poland

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Mihails Pupins Daugavpils University, Department of Ecology, Daugavpils, Latvia

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Patricia Sourrouille CEFE, CNRS, Univ Montpellier, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France

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Ilias Strachinis Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece

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Márton Szabolcs Department of Tisza River Research, Institute of Aquatic Ecology, Centre for Ecological Research, Bem tér 18/C, 4026, Debrecen, Hungary

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Evanthia Thanou Section of Animal Biology, Department of Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of Patras, Rion University Campus, GR-26500 Patras, Greece

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Elias Tzoras , Patras, 26442 Achaia, Greece

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Vladislav Vergilov National Museum of Natural History at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1 Tsar Osvoboditel Blvd., 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria

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Judit Vörös Department of Zoology, Hungarian Natural History Museum, Baross u. 13., 1088, Budapest, Hungary

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Václav Gvoždík National Museum, Department of Zoology, Prague, Czech Republic
Institute of Vertebrate Biology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic

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Abstract

The slow-worm lizards (Anguis) comprise five species occurring throughout most of the Western Palearctic. Although these species are relatively uniform morphologically – with the exception of A. cephallonica, which exhibits a quite unique morphology – they are genetically deeply divergent. Here, we provide detailed distribution maps for each species and discuss their biogeography and conservation based on updated genetic data and a robust distribution database. We pay particular attention to the so called ‘grey zone’, which typically represents secondary contact zones and in some cases confirmed or presumed hybrid zones. Four of the five species live in parapatry, while only two species, A. cephallonica and A. graeca from the southern Balkans occur in partial sympatry. Further research should focus on the eco-evolutionary interactions between species in contact, including their hybridization rates, to reveal deeper details of the slow-worm evolutionary and natural history.

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