Roberto Tottoli, “ ʿĀd”, Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān (EQ hereafter): “An ancient tribe to whom the prophet Hūd [. . .] was sent [. . .] but his preaching was largely unsuccessful [. . .]. [The ʿĀd] existed after the people of Noah [and] were originally a nation of ten or thirteen subtribes and one of the first Arab tribes”.

Roberto Tottoli, “ ʿĀd”, Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān (EQ hereafter): “An ancient tribe to whom the prophet Hūd [. . .] was sent [. . .] but his preaching was largely unsuccessful [. . .]. [The ʿĀd] existed after the people of Noah [and] were originally a nation of ten or thirteen subtribes and one of the first Arab tribes”.)| false
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Reuven Firestone, “Thamūd”, EQ : “An ancient tribe [. . .] counted among many peoples who rebelled against God and his messengers. The T̠amūd succeed the ʿĀd and live in homes hewn out of the earth [. . .] A people called T̠amūd are mentioned in non-Arabian sources such as Ptolemy (Geography) . . .”.

Reuven Firestone, “Thamūd”, EQ: “An ancient tribe [. . .] counted among many peoples who rebelled against God and his messengers. The T̠amūd succeed the ʿĀd and live in homes hewn out of the earth [. . .] A people called T̠amūd are mentioned in non-Arabian sources such as Ptolemy (Geography) . . .”.)| false
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Abdullah Yusuf Ali, The Meaning of The Holy Qurʾān, Maryland, Amana Publications, 1989, p. 1645.

Abdullah Yusuf Ali, The Meaning of The Holy Qurʾān, Maryland, Amana Publications, 1989, p. 1645.)| false
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Majid Fakhry, The Qurʾan. A Modern English Version, Reading, Garnet Publishing, 1997, p. 409.

Majid Fakhry, The Qurʾan. A Modern English Version, Reading, Garnet Publishing, 1997, p. 409.)| false
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Tarif Khalidi, The Qurʾan. A New Translation, London, Penguin Books, 2008, p. 509.

Tarif Khalidi, The Qurʾan. A New Translation, London, Penguin Books, 2008, p. 509.)| false
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Arthur Jefferey, The Foreign Vocabulary of the Qurʾan, Baroda, Oriental Institute, 1938, p. 53.

Arthur Jefferey, The Foreign Vocabulary of the Qurʾan, Baroda, Oriental Institute, 1938, p. 53.)| false
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Frederik Leemhuis, “Readings of the Qurʾān”, EQ.

Frederik Leemhuis, “Readings of the Qurʾān”, EQ.)| false
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Watt, Introduction, p. 127.

Watt, Introduction, p. 127.)| false
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Jefferey, The Foreign Vocabulary, p. 216.

Jefferey, The Foreign Vocabulary, p. 216.)| false
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William L. Holladay, A Concise Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament. Based Upon the Lexical Work of Ludwig Koehler and Walter Baumgartner, Michigan, Eerdmans Publishing, 1988, p. 57. In the Bible, see for example Gen 12, 2; 17, 6-16 and 18, 18.

William L. Holladay, A Concise Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament. Based Upon the Lexical Work of Ludwig Koehler and Walter Baumgartner, Michigan, Eerdmans Publishing, 1988, p. 57. In the Bible, see for example Gen 12, 2; 17, 6-16 and 18, 18.)| false
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Zayd b. ʿAlī, Tafsīr ġarīb al-Qurʾān, Hyderabad, Taj Yusuf foundation trust, 2001, p. 308.

Zayd b. ʿAlī, Tafsīr ġarīb al-Qurʾān, Hyderabad, Taj Yusuf foundation trust, 2001, p. 308.)| false
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Muǧāhid, Tafsīr, p. 335 and al-Ṭabarī, Ǧāmiʿ al-bayān, XV, p. 175.

Muǧāhid, Tafsīr, p. 335 and al-Ṭabarī, Ǧāmiʿ al-bayān, XV, p. 175.)| false
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W. Montgomery Watt, “Iram”, EI ².

W. Montgomery Watt, “Iram”, EI ².)| false
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Al-Aḫfaš, Maʿānī, p. 309.

Al-Aḫfaš, Maʿānī, p. 309.)| false
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W. Montgomery Watt, “Ḳurayẓa”, EI ².

W. Montgomery Watt, “Ḳurayẓa”, EI ².)| false
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Paul M. Cobb, “Iram”, EQ. Also see Watt, “Iram”, EI² and Jeffery, Foreign Vocabulary, p. 53.

Paul M. Cobb, “Iram”, EQ. Also see Watt, “Iram”, EI² and Jeffery, Foreign Vocabulary, p. 53.)| false
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André-Marie Gérard, Dictionnaire de la Bible, Paris, Robert Laffont, 1989, p. 94.

André-Marie Gérard, Dictionnaire de la Bible, Paris, Robert Laffont, 1989, p. 94.)| false
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Daniel Gimaret, Une lecture muʿtazilite du Coran. Le tafsīr d’Abū ʿAlī al-Djubbāʾī (m. 303/915) partiellement reconstitué à partir de ses citateurs, Louvain, Peeters, 1994, p. 854.

Daniel Gimaret, Une lecture muʿtazilite du Coran. Le tafsīr d’Abū ʿAlī al-Djubbāʾī (m. 303/915) partiellement reconstitué à partir de ses citateurs, Louvain, Peeters, 1994, p. 854.)| false
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Zayd b. ʿAlī, Tafsīr, p. 308.

Zayd b. ʿAlī, Tafsīr, p. 308.)| false
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Zayd b. ʿAlī, Tafsīr, p. 308.

Zayd b. ʿAlī, Tafsīr, p. 308.)| false
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André Paul (ed.), La bibliothèque de Qumrân. 1-Torah/Genèse, Paris, Editions du Cerf, 2008, p. 21. It should be noted here that the numerous manuscripts found in Qumran and gathered under the title “Book of Giants” (corresponding to 1Q23 up to 6Q8) attest that the very laconical and brief passages that have to do with the giants in the Old Testament were indeed very popular—at least among the Essenian community.

André Paul (ed.), La bibliothèque de Qumrân. 1-Torah/Genèse, Paris, Editions du Cerf, 2008, p. 21. It should be noted here that the numerous manuscripts found in Qumran and gathered under the title “Book of Giants” (corresponding to 1Q23 up to 6Q8) attest that the very laconical and brief passages that have to do with the giants in the Old Testament were indeed very popular—at least among the Essenian community.)| false
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Al-Zamaḫšarī, al-Kaššāf, p. 1200.

Al-Zamaḫšarī, al-Kaššāf, p. 1200.)| false
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Jamel Eddine Bencheikh, “Iram ou la clameur de Dieu—Le mythe et le verset”, REMMM, 58 (1990), p. 70-81: “Le mythe de la construction [. . .] de la ville d’Iram [. . .] prend naissance dans le commentaire contesté des versets 5-6 [sic] de la sourate LXXXIX” (p. 70).

Jamel Eddine Bencheikh, “Iram ou la clameur de Dieu—Le mythe et le verset”, REMMM, 58 (1990), p. 70-81: “Le mythe de la construction [. . .] de la ville d’Iram [. . .] prend naissance dans le commentaire contesté des versets 5-6 [sic] de la sourate LXXXIX” (p. 70).)| false
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See R.G. Khoury, “Wahb b. Munabbih”, EI ²; as well as de Prémare, Les fondations, p. 336.

See R.G. Khoury, “Wahb b. Munabbih”, EI²; as well as de Prémare, Les fondations, p. 336.)| false
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Cobb, “Iram”, EQ.

Cobb, “Iram”, EQ.)| false
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Chabbi, Le Seigneur des tribus, p. 499.

Chabbi, Le Seigneur des tribus, p. 499.)| false
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De Prémare, Les fondations, p. 170.

De Prémare, Les fondations, p. 170.)| false
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Gérard, Dictionnaire de la Bible, p. 121.

Gérard, Dictionnaire de la Bible, p. 121.)| false
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Al-Baġawī, Maʿālim, p. 1405. Also see al-Zamaḫšarī, al-Kaššāf, p. 1200.

Al-Baġawī, Maʿālim, p. 1405. Also see al-Zamaḫšarī, al-Kaššāf, p. 1200.)| false
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Howard Phillips Lovecraft, “The call of Cthulhu”, in The Haunter of the Dark, London, Grafton Books, 1989, p. 81.

Howard Phillips Lovecraft, “The call of Cthulhu”, in The Haunter of the Dark, London, Grafton Books, 1989, p. 81.)| false
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Andrew Rippin, “Interpreting the Bible through the Qurʾān”, in Approaches to the Qurʾān, ed. G.R. Hawting and Abdul-Kader A. Shareef, 1993, p. 251.

Andrew Rippin, “Interpreting the Bible through the Qurʾān”, in Approaches to the Qurʾān, ed. G.R. Hawting and Abdul-Kader A. Shareef, 1993, p. 251.)| false
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Jacob Katzenstein, “Hiram”, Encyclopaedia Judaica (EJ hereafter), Jerusalem, The Mac Millan Company, 1972, VIII, p. 500.

Jacob Katzenstein, “Hiram”, Encyclopaedia Judaica (EJ hereafter), Jerusalem, The Mac Millan Company, 1972, VIII, p. 500.)| false
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G.A. Cooke, A Text-book of North-Semitic Inscriptions, Oxford, 1903, p. 52. See p. 53-4 for the author’s explanation as to who is the Ḫīrām mentioned in the inscriptions.

G.A. Cooke, A Text-book of North-Semitic Inscriptions, Oxford, 1903, p. 52. See p. 53-4 for the author’s explanation as to who is the Ḫīrām mentioned in the inscriptions.)| false
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Jeffery, The Foreign Vocabulary, p. 51.

Jeffery, The Foreign Vocabulary, p. 51.)| false
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Katzenstein, “Hiram”, EJ.

Katzenstein, “Hiram”, EJ.)| false
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Katzenstein, “Hiram”, EJ.

Katzenstein, “Hiram”, EJ.)| false
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Jacqueline Chabbi, Le Coran décrypté. Figures bibliques en Arabie, Paris, Fayard, 2008, p. 141.

Jacqueline Chabbi, Le Coran décrypté. Figures bibliques en Arabie, Paris, Fayard, 2008, p. 141.)| false
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This is also noted in Bencheikh, “Iram”, p. 73.

This is also noted in Bencheikh, “Iram”, p. 73.)| false
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Chabbi, Le Coran décrypté, p. 138.

Chabbi, Le Coran décrypté, p. 138.)| false
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Jean-Louis Déclais, “Pharaon”, Dictionnaire du Coran, ed. Mohammad Ali Amir-Moezzi, Paris, Robert Laffont, 2007, p. 671.

Jean-Louis Déclais, “Pharaon”, Dictionnaire du Coran, ed. Mohammad Ali Amir-Moezzi, Paris, Robert Laffont, 2007, p. 671.)| false
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Alfred-Louis de Prémare, “Le thème des peuples anéantis dans quelques textes islamiques primitifs, une vision de l’histoire”, REMMM, 48 (1988), p. 11: “[La prédication de Muḥammad] reprend à son compte, en leur conférant un sens islamique, les traditions hébraïques véhiculées par la Bible, la littérature intertestamentaire, ou les commentaires rabbiniques des synagogues (Midrash), lesquels sont souvent insérés dans les traductions araméennes de la Bible appelées Targum. Dans la même ligne, elle réinvestit les récits historico-légendaires des Arabes sur le passé des groupes humains qui parcoururent la Péninsule . . .”.

Alfred-Louis de Prémare, “Le thème des peuples anéantis dans quelques textes islamiques primitifs, une vision de l’histoire”, REMMM, 48 (1988), p. 11: “[La prédication de Muḥammad] reprend à son compte, en leur conférant un sens islamique, les traditions hébraïques véhiculées par la Bible, la littérature intertestamentaire, ou les commentaires rabbiniques des synagogues (Midrash), lesquels sont souvent insérés dans les traductions araméennes de la Bible appelées Targum. Dans la même ligne, elle réinvestit les récits historico-légendaires des Arabes sur le passé des groupes humains qui parcoururent la Péninsule . . .”.)| false
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José Costa, La Bible racontée par le Midrash, Paris, Bayard, 2004, p. 6.

José Costa, La Bible racontée par le Midrash, Paris, Bayard, 2004, p. 6.)| false
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Ginzberg, The Legends of the Jews, p. 335. Compare this to what Wahb b. Munabbih is said to have stated: “God called it ‘of the pillars’ because of the emerald and sapphire pillars that [were] under [the city]”.

Ginzberg, The Legends of the Jews, p. 335. Compare this to what Wahb b. Munabbih is said to have stated: “God called it ‘of the pillars’ because of the emerald and sapphire pillars that [were] under [the city]”.)| false
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