Based on historical sources from the Nguyễn and Qing dynasties, the article examines the Qing dynasty’s behavior toward Vietnamese envoys based on China’s role as the dominant/central nation in the nineteenth century when they sought investiture, paid tribute, or made offerings. The article identifies two trends in the Qing dynasty’s treatment of Vietnamese envoys during that time: a trend toward flexibility and moderation and, at other times, a trend toward toughness, even deterrence. However, the trend toward moderation prevailed throughout the nineteenth century. Then, the article elucidates the factors that contributed to this situation and highlights the relative power of China in the regional and global context in that era.
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Based on historical sources from the Nguyễn and Qing dynasties, the article examines the Qing dynasty’s behavior toward Vietnamese envoys based on China’s role as the dominant/central nation in the nineteenth century when they sought investiture, paid tribute, or made offerings. The article identifies two trends in the Qing dynasty’s treatment of Vietnamese envoys during that time: a trend toward flexibility and moderation and, at other times, a trend toward toughness, even deterrence. However, the trend toward moderation prevailed throughout the nineteenth century. Then, the article elucidates the factors that contributed to this situation and highlights the relative power of China in the regional and global context in that era.
All Time | Past 365 days | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 358 | 358 | 58 |
Full Text Views | 12 | 12 | 5 |
PDF Views & Downloads | 43 | 43 | 6 |