This article uses GIS mapping to plot the historical locations known for producing Chinese material medica recorded in a text with three historical layers. On the basis of these plots, it argues that: early Chinese pharmacology emerged not from the central plains but along the Yellow River Corridor, from the Bohai Sea through to Chang’an and then beyond, into the Sichuan Plain, and that the drug exchange network may have emerged through stepwise local trading between these sites, as along the Silk Road; these sites are not necessarily biotopes specific to where the drugs grow, but sites of “drug production,” which enter these natural products into circulation; the activity at these sites consists of sociotechnical operations that translate these materials across diverse technical domains, facilitated by drug names as a key marker; and, finally, that comparing these geolocated drug names to terms within excavated recipe literature may indicate a likelihood of the regional origin of certain texts. The Tianhui recipes from Laoguanshan appear to be representative of local drug cultures from northeast China.
Purchase
Buy instant access (PDF download and unlimited online access):
Institutional Login
Log in with Open Athens, Shibboleth, or your institutional credentials
Personal login
Log in with your brill.com account
Fan Ye 范曄 (398–445). [completed 445] 1965. Hou Hanshu後漢書. Edited by Li Xian 李賢 (651–684) et al. Beijing: Zhonghua shu ju.
Mawangdui boshu zhengli xiaozu 馬王堆帛書整理小組. 1985. Mawangdui Hanmu boshu 馬王堆漢墓帛書. Beijing: Wenwu chubanshe.
Tao Hongjing 陶弘景 (456–536). 1972. Honzōkyō shūchū: shūchū honzō 本草經集注: 集注本草. Edited by Okanishi Tameto 岡西為人 et al. Ōsaka: Minamiōsaka Insatsu Sentā.
Tao Hongjing. 1994. Bencao jing jizhu: jijiao ben本草經集注: 輯校本. Edited by Shang Zhijun 尚志鈞 and Shang Yuansheng 尚元勝. Beijing: Renmin weisheng chubanshe.
Tao Hongjing. [completed 498] 2016. Bencao jing jizhu本草經集注. Edited by SamCX and LiouxiaoBot. https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/本草經集注. Accessed March 1, 2023.
Unknown. [completed on or before 168 BCE] 2018a. Wushi’er bingfang五十二病方. Mawangdui, Changsha, Hunan. Transcribed by Chen Jian 陳劍 in M0006.005 _MWD1E, DAOBUDMED6D database. Accessible via https://docusky.org.tw/DocuSky/webApi/webpage-open-3in1.php?ownerUsername=open&db=DaoBudMed6D&corpus=Medical&queryBase=&queryNarrowDown=%7BM0006.005_MWD1E.txt%7D&spType=postClassification&snippets=off&queryNew=. Accessed August 11, 2023.
Unknown. [completed 19–76 CE] 2018b. Wuwei Handai yijian武威漢代醫簡. Hantanpo, Wuwei, Gansu. Transcribed by Liu Lixun 劉力勛 in M0002_Wuwei _Han_medical_slips, DAOBUDMED6D database. Accessible via https://docusky.org.tw/DocuSky/webApi/webpage-open-3in1.php?ownerUsername=open&db=DaoBudMed6D&corpus=Medical&queryBase=&queryNarrowDown=%7BM0002_Wuwei_Han_medical_slips.txt%7D&spType=postClassification&snippets=off&queryNew=.
Unknown. [completed 179–157 BCE] 2018c. Wanwu Handai yijian萬物漢代醫簡. Shuanggudui, Fuyang, Anhui. Yang Yong 杨勇, transcribed by Miranda Brown in M0004_Shuanggudui_Wanwu, DAOBUDMED6D Accessible via https://docusky.org.tw/DocuSky/webApi/webpage-open-3in1.php?ownerUsername=open&db=DaoBudMed6D&corpus=Medical&queryBase=&queryNarrowDown=%7BM0004_Shuanggudui_Wanwu.txt%7D&spType=postClassification&snippets=off&queryNew=#. Accessed August 11, 2023.
Bian, He. 2020. Know Your Remedies: Pharmacy and Culture in Early Modern China. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Butler, Anthony. 2022. “Liquorice and Chinese Herbal Medicine: An Epistemological Challenge.” In Routledge Handbook of Chinese Medicine, edited by Vivienne Lo, Michael Stanley-Baker, and Dolly Yang, 707–720. London: Routledge.
Campany, Robert Ford. 2009. Making Transcendents: Ascetics and Social Memory in Early Medieval China. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.
Chen Ming 陈明. 2013. Zhonggu yiliao yu wailai wenhua 中古医疗与外来文化. Beijing: Beijing daxue chubanshe.
Chen Yuanpeng 陈元朋. 2011. “Bencao jing jizhu suo zai ‘Tao zhu’ zhong de zhishi leixing, yaochan fenbu yu beifang yaowu de shuru” 《本草经集注》所载「陶注」中的知识类型、药产分布与北方药物的输入. Zhongguo shehui lishi pinglun 1: 184–212.
Chen Zhi 陳直. (1974) 1988. “Wuwei Hantanpo chutu yiyaofang huikao” 武威旱灘坡漢墓出土醫藥方彙考. In Wenshi kaogu luncong 文史考古論叢, edited by Chen Zhi 陳直, 300–306. Tianjin: Tianjin guji chubanshe.
Chengdu Municipal Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology and Jingzhou Conservation Center. 2015. “The Laoguanshan Cemetery of the Han Dynasty in Tianhui Town, Chengdu City.” Chinese Archaeology 15, no. 1: 61–72.
Das, Kaushiki. 2020. “The Global Quest for Green Gold: Implications of Bioprospecting and Patenting for Indigenous Bioresources and Knowledge.” Society and Culture in South Asia 6, no. 1: 74–97.
Despeux, Catherine. 2015. “Shennong bencao jing” 神農本草經. In Early Medieval Chinese Texts: A Bibliographical Guide, edited by Cynthia L. Chennault et al., 264–268. Berkeley, CA: Institute of East Asian Studies.
Despeux, Catherine, ed. 2010. Médecine, religion et société dans la Chine médiévale : étude de manuscrits chinois de Dunhuang et de Turfan. Paris: Collège de France, Institut des hautes études chinoises.
Engelhardt, Ute. 2010. “Pharmacopées de Dunhuang et de Turfan.” In Médecine, religion et société dans la Chine médiévale : étude de manuscrits chinois de Dunhuang et de Turfan, edited by Catherine Despeux, 185–237. Paris: Collège de France, Institut des hautes études chinoises.
Farquhar, Judith, and Lili Lai. 2021. Gathering Medicines. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Frachetti, Michael D., et al.2017. “Nomadic Ecology Shaped the Highland Geography of Asia’s Silk Roads.” Nature 543, no. 7644: 193–198.
Fu Lu 付璐 et al.2021. “Qiantan lishi ditu dui fenxi daodi yaocai chanqu bianqian de yiyi” 浅谈历史地图对分析道地药材产区变迁的意义. Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi 6: 1574–1579.
Goldschmidt, Asaf Moshe. 2022. “Pre-standardised Pharmacology: Han to Song.” In Routledge Handbook of Chinese Medicine, edited by Michael Stanley-Baker, Vivienne Lo, and Dolly Yang, 133–145. London: Routledge.
Gruber, Tom. 2009. “Ontology.” In Encyclopedia of Database Systems, edited by Ling Liu and M. Tamer Özsu, 1963–1965. Boston, MA: Springer US.
Hansen, Valerie. 2017. The Silk Road: A New History with Documents. New York; Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Harper, Donald. 1998. Early Chinese Medical Literature: The Mawangdui Medical Manuscripts. London; New York: Kegan Paul.
Heinrich, Michael, Ka Yui Kum, and Yao Ruyu. 2022. “Decontextualised Chinese Medicines: Their Uses as Health Foods and Medicines in the ‘Global North’.” In Routledge Handbook of Chinese Medicine, edited by Michael Stanley-Baker, Vivienne Lo, and Dolly Yang, 721–741. London: Routledge.
Ho Hou-Ieong, Brent, and Hilde de Weerdt. 2014. “MARKUS Text Analysis and Reading Platform.” http://dh.chinese-empires.eu/beta/. Accessed March 7, 2023.
Hsu, Elisabeth. 2010. “Introduction: Plants in Medical Practice and Common Sense: On the Interface of Ethnobotany and Medical Anthropology.” In Plants, Health and Healing, edited by Elisabeth Hsu and Stephen Harris, 1–48. New York: Berghahn Books.
Hua Linfu, Paul D. Buell, and Paul Ulrich Unschuld. 2016. Geographical and Administrative Designations. Vol. 2 of Dictionary of the Ben cao gang mu. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Ibata-Arens, Kathryn C. 2021. Pandemic Medicine: Why the Global Innovation System Is Broken, and How We Can Fix It. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.
Jing, Xia, Nicholas R. Hardiker, Stephen Kay, and Yonghsheng Gao. 2018. “Identifying Principles for the Construction of an Ontology-Based Knowledge Base: A Case Study Approach.” JMIR Medical Informatics 6, no. 4: e52.
Lai, Lili, and Judith Farquhar. 2015. “Nationality Medicines in China: Institutional Rationality and Healing Charisma.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 57, no. 2: 381–406.
Leon, Christine, and Lin Yu-Lin. 2017. Chinese Medicinal Plants, Herbal Drugs and Substitutes: An Identification Guide. Kew, Richmond: Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens.
Li Jianmin 李建民. 2000. Sisheng zhiyu: Zhou, Qin, Han maixue zhi yuanliu 死生之域: 周秦漢脈學之源流. Taipei: Zhongyang yanjiuyuan lishi yuyan yanjiusuo.
Liang Fanrong 梁繁荣, Wang Yi 王毅, and Li Jiming 李继明. 2016. Jiemi Bi Xi yishu shu yu qi ren: Laoguanshan Han mu yixue wenwu wenxian chushi揭秘敝昔遗书与漆人: 老官山汉墓医学文物文献初识. Chengdu: Sichuan kexue jishu chubanshe.
Lin Fushi 林富士. (2005) 2008. “Shelun Zhongguo zaoqi Daojiao duiyu yiliao de taidu” 試論中國早期道教對於醫藥的態度. In Shengming yu yiliao 生命與醫療, edited by Li Jianmin, 162–192. Beijing: Zhongguo dabaike quanshu chubanshe.
Liu Xiaomeng 刘小朦. 2020. “The Medicinal Marketplace: Commerce, Medicinal Materials, and Vernacular Knowledge in the Qing and Republican China.” PhD diss., University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
Liu, Yan. 2021. Healing with Poisons: Potent Medicines in Medieval China. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
Lloyd, Geoffrey, and Nathan Sivin. 2002. The Way and the Word: Science and Medicine in Early China and Greece. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Lo, Vivienne. 1998. “The Influence of ‘Yangsheng’ Culture on Early Chinese Medicine.” PhD diss., School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London.
Lo, Vivienne. 2014. “How To Do the Gibbon Walk: A Translation of the Pulling Book (ca. 186 BCE).” Needham Research Institute Working Papers 3, Cambridge, Needham Research Institute.
Lo, Vivienne, and Li Jianmin 李建民. 2010. “Manuscripts, Received Texts, and the Healing Arts.” In China’s Early Empires: A Re-appraisal, edited by Michael Nylan and Michael Loewe, 367–397. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lo, Vivienne, and Christopher Cullen, eds. 2005. Medieval Chinese Medicine. London; New York: Routledge.
Lo, Vivienne, and Gu Man 顾漫. 2022. “Re-envisioning Chinese Medicine: The View from Archaeology.” In Routledge Handbook of Chinese Medicine, edited by Vivienne Lo, Michael Stanley-Baker, and Dolly Yang, 51–71. London: Routledge.
Ma Jixing 马继兴. 1988. Dunhuang guyiji kaoshi 敦煌古医籍考釋. Nanchang: Jiangxi kexue jishu chubanshe.
Ma Jixing. 1990. Zhongyi wenxian xue 中医文献学. Shanghai: Shanghai kexue jishu chubanshe.
Makoto, Mayanagi. 2005. “The Three Juan Edition of Bencao jizhu and Excavated Sources.” In Medieval Chinese Medicine: The Dunhuang Medical Manuscripts, edited by Vivienne Lo and Christopher Cullen, 306–321. London; New York: Routledge.
Métailié, Georges, and Joseph Needham. 2015. Traditional Botany: An Ethnobotanical Approach. Part 4 of Biology and Biological Technology, vol. 6 of Science and Civilisation in China. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Ōfuchi Ninji 大淵忍爾. 1978. Tonkō dōkyō mokurokuhen 敦煌道教目録篇. Tokyo: Fukutake shoten.
Salguero, C. Pierce. 2017. Buddhism and Medicine: An Anthology of Premodern Sources. New York: Columbia University Press.
Scheid, Volker. 2020. “Some Moments in the Encounter between Chinese Medicine and Covid-19.” Paper given at “The ‘Pan’ of Pandemics: Why and How Do Asian Approaches Matter?” IASTAM Webinar. http://iastam.org/the-pan-of-pandemics-why-and-how-do-asian-approaches-matter-july-8th-2020/. Accessed June 4, 2023.
Schmidt, Franz Rudolph A. 2006. “The Textual History of the Materia Medica in the Han Period: A System-Theoretical Reconsideration.” T’oung Pao 92: 293–324.
Springer, Lena. 2022. “Encounters with Linnaeus? Modernisation of Pharmacopoeia through Bernard Read and Zhao Yuhuang up to the Present.” In Routledge Handbook of Chinese Medicine, edited by Vivienne Lo, Michael Stanley-Baker, and Dolly Yang, 669–686. London: Routledge.
Stanley-Baker, Michael. 2014. “Drugs, Destiny, and Disease in Medieval China: Situating Knowledge in Context.” Daoism: Religion, History and Society 6: 113–156.
Stanley-Baker, Michael. 2019. “Drug Terms in DAOBUDMED6D.” DR-NTU (Data). https://doi.org/10.21979/N9/DMLAW4. Accessed March 7, 2023.
Stanley-Baker, Michael. 2020. “Digital Tools for Studying the Distribution of Medicine in Early Chinese Sources: Bencao jing jizhu本草經集注.” Paper given at the Third International Conference on Dongui bogam, Sacheong, Korea.
Stanley-Baker, Michael. 2023. “Mapping Drugs in Han Dynasty Excavated Texts.” DR- NTU (Data), V1. DOI: doi:10.21979/N9/WLKQAG, https://www.polyglotasianmedicine.com/mapping-han-drugs. Accessed April 30, 2023.
Stanley-Baker, Michael, Chen Shi-Pei 陳詩沛, Zhang Duan 張端, Tu Hsieh-Chang 杜拹昌, Hung I-Mei 洪一梅, Xu Duoduo 許多多, and Joey Hung 洪振洲. 2020. “Bencao jing jizhu本草經集注.” Taipei: DocuSky. DOI: NTURCDH/10.6681 /NTURCDH.DB_DocuSkyBencaojing/Text. https://www.polyglotasianmedicine.com/bencaojingjizhu. Accessed March 7, 2023.
Stanley-Baker, Michael, and William Eng Keat Chong. 2019. “Materia Medica in Chinese Religious Sources: Towards A Critical Digital Philology for Modelling Knowledge Distribution in Early Chinese Texts.” Paper given at the 2019 Pacific Neighborhood Consortium Annual Conference and Joint Meetings, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Singapore.
Stanley-Baker, Michael, Christopher Soo Guan Khoo, Chen Jinju 陈金菊, Chen Shih-Pei 陳詩沛, Michael W. Goodman, William Eng Keat Chong 張英杰, and Shaun Qiao Ro Ang. 2023. Polyglot Medicine: Knowledge Graph. Singapore: Neo4j. https://www.polyglotasianmedicine.com/drug-name-synonymy. Accessed February 23, 2023.
Stanley-Baker, Michael, and Brent Ho Hou-Ieong. 2015. “Mapping Drugs across Epistemic and Geographic Domains: A Case Study for Early Medieval China.” Paper given at the Sixth International Conference of Digital Archives and Digital Humanities, Taipei.
Stanley-Baker, Michael, Xu Duoduo 許多多, and William Eng Keat Chong 張英杰. 2020. “Bencaojing jizhu本草經集注 in Three Layers.” DR-NTU (Data). DOI: 10.21979 /N9/K4WS29, https://www.polyglotasianmedicine.com/mapping-bencao. Accessed March 7, 2023.
Stanley-Baker, Michael, and Ronit Yoeli-Tlalim. 2021. “Asian Medicine and COVID-19: Ethnologies, Histories, Reflections.” Asian Medicine 16, no. 1: 1–10.
Strickmann, Michel. 1979. “The Alchemy of T’ao Hung-ching.” In Facets of Taoism: Essays in Chinese Religion, edited by Holmes Welch and Anna K. Seidel, 123–192. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Tan Qixiang 譚其驤. 1982a. “Dong Han lishi ditu” 東漢歷史地圖 (E. Han) 140. Zhonghua wenming zhi shikong jichu jiagou WMTS fuwu 中華文明之時空基礎 架構 WMTS服務. //gis.sinica.edu.tw/ccts/file-exists.php?img=ad0140-png-{z}-{x}-{y}. Accessed March 7, 2023.
Tan Qixiang. 1982b. “Nanbeichao lishi ditu” 南北朝歷史地圖 (South and North) 497. Zhonghua wenming zhi shikong jichu jiagou WMTS fuwu 中華文明之時空基礎架構 WMTS服務. //gis.sinica.edu.tw/ccts/file-exists.php?img=ad0497-png-{z}-{x}-{y}. Accessed March 7, 2023.
Tan Qixiang 譚其驤, ed. (1982) 1992. Zhongguo lishi dituji 中國歷史地圖集. 8 vols. Taipei: Hsiaoyuan chubanshe. First published by Zhongguo ditu chubanshe (Beijing).
Three Kingdoms Fan. 2020. “Three Kingdoms timelapse.gif.” Wikimedia Commons. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Three_Kingdoms_timelapse.gif. Accessed February 14, 2023.
Tilley, Helen. 2020. “How to Make Sense of ‘Traditional (Chinese) Medicine’ in a Time of Covid-19: Cold War Origin Stories and the WHO’s Role in Making Space for Polyglot Therapeutics.” May 25, 2020. “Dispatches from the Pandemic” series. Somatosphere: Science, Medicine and Anthropology. http://somatosphere.net/2020/tcm-covid-19.html/. Accessed May 15, 2023.
Unschuld, Paul U. (1985) 2010. Medicine in China: A History of Ideas. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Unschuld, Paul U. 1986. Medicine in China: A History of Pharmaceutics. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Unschuld, Paul U., and Zheng Jinsheng. 2012. Chinese Traditional Healing: The Berlin Collection. Leiden; Boston: Brill.
Vázquez, Favio. 2018. “Ontology and Data Science.” Towards Data Science (Medium publication), December 7, 2018. https://towardsdatascience.com/ontology-and-data-science-45e916288cc5.
Wang Jiakui 王家葵 and Zhang Ruixian 张瑞贤. 2001. Shennong bencao jing yanjiu 《神农本草经》研究. Beijing: Beijing kexue jishu chubanshe.
Wang Shumin. 2005. “A General Survey of Medical Works Contained in the Dunhuang Medical Manuscripts.” In Medieval Chinese Medicine: The Dunhuang Medical Manuscripts, edited by Vivienne Lo and Christopher Cullen, 45–58. London; New York: Routledge.
Wilms, Sabine. 2017. Shen Nong Bencao Jing: The Divine Farmer’s Classic of Materia Medica. Whidbey Island, WA: Happy Goat Productions.
Xue Haitao, Michael Stanley-Baker, Adams Wai Kin Kong, Hoi Leung Li, and Wilson Wen Bin Goh. 2022. “Data Considerations for Predictive Modelling Applied to the Discovery of Bioactive Natural Products.” Drug Discovery Today 27, no. 8: 2235–2243.
Yamada Keiji 山田慶兒. 2003. Gudai zhongguo yixue de xingcheng 古代中國醫學的形成. Translated by Li Jianmin 李建民. Taipei: Dongda tushu gongsi.
Yang Shouzhong. 1998. The Divine Farmer’s Materia Medica: A Translation of the Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing. Boulder, CO: Blue Poppy Press.
Yoeli-Tlalim, Ronit. 2021. Reorienting Histories of Medicine: Encounters Along the Silk Roads. London, New York: Bloomsbury Academic.
Zhang Ruixian 張瑞賢, Wang Jiakui 王家葵, and Michael Stanley-Baker. 2018. “Clinical Medicine Texts: The Earliest Stone Medical Inscription.” In Imagining Chinese Medicine, edited by Vivienne Lo and Penelope Barrett, 373–388. Leiden: Brill.
Zheng Jinsheng, Nalini Kirk, Paul D. Buell, and Paul U. Unschuld, eds. 2018. Persons and Literary Sources. Vol. 3 of Dictionary of the Ben cao gang mu. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Zürn, Tobias Benedikt. 2020. “The Han Imaginaire of Writing as Weaving: Intertextuality and the Huainanzi’s Self-fashioning as an Embodiment of the Way.” Journal of Asian Studies 79, no. 2: 367–402.
Zhuang Minshan 庄敏珊. 2019. Nanyang caoyao: minjian yongfa 南阳草药 – 民间用法. Singapore: Nanyang Community Herb Garden.
BSADP (Buddhist Studies Authority Database Project). 2008–. Directed by Huimin Bhikṣu 釋惠敏 with Tu Aming 杜正民, Marcus Bingenheimer, and Hung Jen-Jou 洪振洲. Taipei: Dharma Drum Institute of Liberal Arts. https://authority.dila.edu.tw/.
CHGIS (China Historical Geographic Information System), Version 6. 2016. Fairbank Center for Chinese Studies of Harvard University and the Center for Historical Geographical Studies at Fudan University. https://sites.fas.harvard.edu/~chgis/data/chgis/v6/.
DAOBUDMED6D: Daoist Buddhist and Medical Corpus from the Six Dynasties [database]. 2018–. Created and curated by Michael Stanley-Baker, Chen Shih-Pei 陳詩沛, Tu Hsieh-Chang 杜拹昌, and Hong Yimei 洪一梅. Research Center for Digital Humanities, National Taiwan University. http://doi.airiti.com/LandingPage/NTURCDH/10.6681/NTURCDH.DB_DocuSkyDaoBudMed6D/Text.
DocuGIS. 2018–. Curated by Lin Nung-Yao 林農堯. Taipei: Research Center for Digital Humanities, National Taiwan University. https://docusky.org.tw/DocuSky/docuTools/DocuGIS/.
DocuSky. https://docusky.org.tw/DocuSky/home/.
MARKUS Text Analysis and Reading Platform. http://dh.chinese-empires.eu/beta/.
Polyglot Asian Medicines. https://www.polyglotasianmedicine.com.
All Time | Past 365 days | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 474 | 270 | 44 |
Full Text Views | 41 | 15 | 1 |
PDF Views & Downloads | 117 | 37 | 4 |
This article uses GIS mapping to plot the historical locations known for producing Chinese material medica recorded in a text with three historical layers. On the basis of these plots, it argues that: early Chinese pharmacology emerged not from the central plains but along the Yellow River Corridor, from the Bohai Sea through to Chang’an and then beyond, into the Sichuan Plain, and that the drug exchange network may have emerged through stepwise local trading between these sites, as along the Silk Road; these sites are not necessarily biotopes specific to where the drugs grow, but sites of “drug production,” which enter these natural products into circulation; the activity at these sites consists of sociotechnical operations that translate these materials across diverse technical domains, facilitated by drug names as a key marker; and, finally, that comparing these geolocated drug names to terms within excavated recipe literature may indicate a likelihood of the regional origin of certain texts. The Tianhui recipes from Laoguanshan appear to be representative of local drug cultures from northeast China.
All Time | Past 365 days | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 474 | 270 | 44 |
Full Text Views | 41 | 15 | 1 |
PDF Views & Downloads | 117 | 37 | 4 |