Integration Challenges of Immigrants from Non-English-Speaking Backgrounds in Australia
A Critical Review from 1975 to 2021
In: Diaspora StudiesSearch for other papers by Omid Rezaei in
Current site
Google Scholar
Search for other papers by Hossein Adibi in
Current site
Google Scholar
Search for other papers by Vicki Banham in
Current site
Google Scholar
Abstract
Migrants have played a crucial role in shaping the history of Australian society and its development, particularly after 1975, when Australia formally dismantled its White Australia Policy and welcomed immigrants from around the world. Since then, millions of immigrants from non-English-speaking backgrounds have settled in Australia. This review aims to critically discuss the main challenges that many of these immigrants face as part of their integration process in Australia. For this research, various large and relevant databases were considered and searched. And by applying ‘inclusion and exclusion criteria’, fifty-six major articles published between 1975 to 2021 were selected for critical review and analysis. The findings of this research indicate that, while there have been changes to streamline the process of integration and improve services, five clusters of major challenges have confronted immigrants since 1975: the labour market, racism and discrimination, the language barrier, social connections and housing and accommodation.
Purchase
Buy instant access (PDF download and unlimited online access):
Institutional Login
Log in with Open Athens, Shibboleth, or your institutional credentials
Personal login
Log in with your brill.com account
-
Abdelkerim, A.A. and M. Grace. 2012. ‘Challenges to Employment in Newly Emerging African Communities in Australia: A Review of the Literature’, Australian Social Work, 65 (1): 104–119.
-
Adibi, H. 2011. Employment Status of Muslims in Queensland: Engaging Queensland Community: A Strategy for Reducing Unemployment among Queensland Muslims. LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing.
-
Ager, A. and A. Strang. 2008. ‘Understanding Integration: A Conceptual Framework’, Journal of Refugee Studies, 21 (2): 166–191.
-
Anderson, S. and M. Daniel. 2020. ‘Refugees and Social Media in a Digital Society’, The Journal of Community Informatics, 16: 26–44.
-
Ang, I. 2001. On Not Speaking Chinese: Living between Asia and the West. New York: Routledge.
-
Atem, P. 2009. ‘Housing Barriers for African Migrants in Australia’, 4th State of Australian Cities National Conference, 24–27 November 2009, Perth, Australia.
-
Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS). 2018. ‘Afghanistan-Born Community Information Summary Historical’. Australian Bureau of Statistics.
-
Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS). 2020. ‘Australia’s Population: Over 7.5 Million Born Overseas’. Media Release. https://www.abs.gov.au/articles/australias-population-over-75-million-born-overseas. Accessed 26.03.2021
-
Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS). 2021. ‘Statistics on Australia’s International Migration, Internal Migration (Interstate and Intrastate) and the Population by Country of Birth’. https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/migration-australia/latest-release. Accessed 03.11.2021.
-
Australian Human Rights Commission. 2020. ‘Where’s All the Data on COVID-19 Racism? |Australian Human Rights Commission.’ https://humanrights.gov.au/about/news/opinions/wheres-all-data-covid-19-racism. Accessed 26.03.2021
-
Barnes, D. 2001. ‘“Resettled Refugees” Attachment to Their Original and Subsequent Homelands: Long-Term Vietnamese Refugees in Australia’, Journal of Refugee Studies, 14 (4): 394–411.
-
Basavarajappa, K.G. and S.S. Halli. 1997. ‘A Comparative Study of Immigrant and Non-immigrant Families in Canada with Special Reference to Income, 1986’, International Migration, 35 (2): 225–252.
-
Berry, J.W. 1997. ‘Immigration, Acculturation and Adaptation’, Applied Psychology, 46 (1): 5–34.
-
Booth, A.L., A. Leigh and E. Varganova. 2012. ‘Does Ethnic Discrimination Vary across Minority Groups? Evidence from a Field Experiment’, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 74 (4): 547–573.
-
Brough, M., D. Gorman, E. Ramirez and P. Westoby. 2003. ‘Young Refugees Talk About Well-Being: A Qualitative Analysis of Refugee Youth Mental Health from Three States’, Australian Journal of Social Issues, 38 (2): 193–208. DOI: 10.1002/J.1839–4655.2003.TB01142.X.
-
Burnley, I.H. 1982. ‘Lebanese Migration and Settlement in Sydney, Australia’, International Migration Review, 16 (1): 102–132.
-
Casimiro, S., P. Hancock and J. Northcote. 2007. ‘Isolation and Insecurity: Resettlement Issues among Muslim Refugee Women in Perth, Western Australia’, Australian Journal of Social Issues, 42 (1): 55–69.
-
Chambers, B. and J. Pettman. 1986. Anti-Racism: A Handbook for Adult Educators. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service.
-
Chaze, F. and K. Robson. 2014. ‘In Control of Life Chances? Visible Minority Immigrants and Sense of Mastery’, Journal of Immigrant and Refugee Studies, 12 (3): 161–171.
-
Chiang, LH.N. 2004. ‘The Dynamics of Self-Employment and Ethnic Business Ownership among Taiwanese in Australia’, International Migration, 42 (2): 153–173.
-
Chiang, LH.N and PC.S. Liao. 2008. ‘Back to Taiwan: Adaptation and Self-Identity of Young Taiwanese Return Migrants from Australia’, Journal of Population Studies, 36: 99–135.
-
Chiang, N. and L. Kuo. 2000. ‘An Examination of the Employment Structure of Taiwanese Immigrants in Australia’, Asian and Pacific Migration Journal, 9 (4): 459–481.
-
Clyne, M. and J. Jupp. 2011. Multiculturalism and Integration: A Harmonious Relationship. Canberra.
-
Cohan Shovkovy, O. 2020. ‘Perceptions of Russian-Speaking Immigrants: A Case Study in Australia’, Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, 7 (6): 148–164.
-
Colic-Peisker, V. 2005. ‘“At Least You’re the Right Colour”: Identity and Social Inclusion of Bosnian Refugees in Australia’, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 31 (4): 615–638.
-
Colic-Peisker, V. and F. Tilbury. 2007. ‘Integration into the Australian Labour Market: The Experience of Three “Visibly Different” Groups of Recently Arrived Refugees’, International Migration, 45 (1): 59–85.
-
Collins, J. 1988. ‘The Bicentennial Immigration Debate and the Politics of Prejudice’, Migration Action, x (3): 2–6.
-
Collins, J. 2013. ‘Multiculturalism and Immigrant Integration in Australia’, Canadian Ethnic Studies, 45 (3): 133–149.
-
Correa-Velez, I., S.M. Gifford and A.G. Barnett. 2010. ‘Longing to Belong: Social Inclusion and Wellbeing among Youth with Refugee Backgrounds in the First Three Years in Melbourne, Australia’, Social Science and Medicine, 71 (8): 1399–1408.
-
Dandy, J. and R. Pe-Pua. 2015. ‘The Refugee Experience of Social Cohesion in Australia: Exploring the Roles of Racism, Intercultural Contact and the Media’, Journal of Immigrant and Refugee Studies, 13 (4): 339–357.
-
De Anstiss, H., H. Savelsberg and T. Ziaian. 2018. ‘Relationships in a New Country: A Qualitative Study of the Social Connections of Refugee Youth Resettled in South Australia’, Journal of Youth Studies 22 (3): 346–362.
-
Debela, N. 2012. ‘Political Crossroads Challenges and Successes of Ethiopian Refugees in Australia’, 19 (1): 65–75.
-
Delaporte, I. and M. Piracha. 2018. ‘Integration of Humanitarian Migrants into the Host Country Labour Market: Evidence from Australia’, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 44 (15): 2480–2505.
-
Dhanji, S. 2009. ‘Welcome or Unwelcome? Integration Issues and the Resettlement of Former Refugees from the Horn of Africa and Sudan in Metropolitan Melbourne’, Aras, 30 (2): 152–178.
-
Dion, K.K. 2010. ‘Understanding Immigrants’ Experiences: Reflections on Ken Dion’s Research Contributions’, Journal of Social Issues, 66 (4): 648–652.
-
Dovchin, S. 2021. ‘Translanguaging, Emotionality and English as a Second Language Immigrants: Mongolian Background Women in Australia’, TESOL Quarterly, 55 (3): 839–865.
-
Due, C. 2008. ‘“Who Are Strangers?”: “Absorbing” Sudanese Refugees into a White Australia’, ACRAWSA (Australian Critical Race and Whiteness Studies Association) e-Journal, 4 (1): 1–13. http://acrawsa.org.au/f Accessed 15.07.2011.
-
Dustmann, C. and F. Fabbri. 2003. ‘Language Proficiency and Labour Market Performance of Immigrants in the UK’, The Economic Journal, 113: 695–717.
-
Ekman, M. 2019. ‘Anti-Immigration and Racist Discourse in Social Media’, European Journal of Communication, 34 (6): 606–618.
-
Esterhuizen, L. and T. Murphy. 2007. ‘Changing Lives: A Longitudinal Study into the Impact of Time Together Mentoring on Refugee Integration’, European Commission, European Website on Integration https://ec.europa.eu/migrant-integration/library-document/changing-lives-longitudinal-study-impact-time-together-mentoring-refugee-1_en.
-
Evans, M.D.R. 1987. ‘Language Skill, Language Usage and Opportunity: Immigrants in the Australian Labour Market’, Sociology, 21 (2): 253–274.
-
Evans, M.D.R. and J. Kelley. 1991. ‘Prejudice, Discrimination and the Labor Market: Attainments of Immigrants in Australia’, American Journal of Sociology, 97 (3): 721–759.
-
Faaliyat, N., S. Ressia and D. Peetz. 2021. ‘Employment Incongruity and Gender among Middle Eastern and North African Skilled Migrants in Australia’, Labour and Industry: A Journal of the Social and Economic Relations of Work, 31 (1): 47–65.
-
Fang, H., L. Wang, Y. Yang, J. Behrman, X. Chen, M. Li, X. Qiu and Y. Zeng. 2020. ‘Human Mobility Restrictions and the Spread of the Novel Coronavirus (2019-Ncov) In China’, Journal of Public Economics, 191.
-
Farivar, F., R. Cameron and J.A.R. Dantas. 2021. ‘Should I Stay or Should I Go? Skilled Immigrants’ Perceived Brain-Waste and Social Embeddedness’, Personnel Review, 51 (5).
-
Forrest, J., K. Hermes, R. Johnston and M. Poulsen. 2013. ‘The Housing Resettlement Experience of Refugee Immigrants to Australia’, Journal of Refugee Studies, 26 (2): 187–206.
-
Forrest, J. and R. Johnston. 1999. ‘Disadvantage, Discrimination and the Occupational Differentiation of Migrant Groups in Australia’, International Journal of Population Geography, 296 (5): 277–296.
-
Forrest, J. and I.M. Sheskin. 2015. ‘Strands of Diaspora: The Resettlement Experience of Jewish Immigrants to Australia’, Journal of International Migration and Integration, 16 (4): 911–927.
-
Fozdar, F. 2012. ‘Social Cohesion and Skilled Muslim Refugees in Australia: Employment, Social Capital and Discrimination’, Journal of Sociology, 48 (2): 167–186.
-
Fozdar, F. and S. Banki. 2017. ‘Settling Refugees in Australia: Achievements and Challenges’, International Journal of Migration and Border Studies, 3 (1): 43.
-
Fozdar, F. and L. Hartley. 2013. ‘Refugee Resettlement in Australia: What We Know and Need to Know’, Refugee Survey Quarterly, 32 (3): 23–51.
-
Friel, S. and S. Semaio. 2020. ‘COVID-19: Can We Stop It Being This Generation’s Great Depression?’, InSight+. https://insightplus.mja.com.au/2020/14/covid-19-can-we-stop-it-being-this-generations-great-depression/ Accessed 26.03.2021
-
Gatwiri, K. 2021. ‘Racial Microaggressions at Work: Reflections from Black African Professionals in Australia’, British Journal of Social Work, 51 (2): 655–672.
-
Gatwiri, K., L. Mwanri and L. McPherson. 2021. ‘Afro-Diasporic Experiences of Highly Skilled Black African Immigrants in Australia’, Australian Social Work, 74 (4): 480–491.
-
Georgiades, S.D. 2015. ‘Greek Immigrants in Australia: Implications for Culturally Sensitive Practice’, Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 17 (5): 1537–1547.
-
Gibson, B.J. and A. Moran. 2020. ‘As Coronavirus Spreads, “It’s Time to Go Home” Scott Morrison Tells Visitors and International Students’, Australian Broadcasting Corporation.
-
Guven, C. and A. Islam. 2015. ‘Age at Migration, Language Proficiency and Socioeconomic Outcomes: Evidence From Australia’, Demography, 52 (2): 513–542.
-
Hawthorne, L. 1997. ‘The Question of Discrimination: Skilled Migrants’ Access to Australian Employment’, International Migration, 35 (3): 395–420.
-
Hebbani, A. and V. Colic-Peisker. 2012. ‘Communicating One’s Way to Employment: A Case Study of African Settlers in Brisbane, Australia’, Journal of Intercultural Studies, 33 (5): 529–547.
-
Hebbani, A., V. Colic-Peisker and M. Mackinnon. 2018. ‘Know Thy Neighbour: Residential Integration and Social Bridging among Refugee Settlers in Greater Brisbane’, Journal of Refugee Studies, 31 (1): 82–103.
-
Ho, C. 2006. ‘Migration as Feminisation? Chinese Women’s Experiences of Work and Family in Australia’, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 32 (3): 497–514.
-
Ho, C. 2007. ‘Muslim Women’s New Defenders: Women’s Rights, Nationalism and Islamophobia in Contemporary Australia’, Women’s Studies International Forum, 30 (4): 290–298.
-
Hoang, H. 2008. ‘Language and Cultural Barriers of Asian Migrants in Accessing Maternal Care in Australia’, Language, Society and Culture, (26): 555–561.
-
Hoover, G.A. and M.E. Yaya. 2010. ‘Gender Differences in Income Inequality among Immigrant Populations to the United States’, The Social Science Journal, 47 (3): 593–608.
-
Hosseini, A., R. Kakuma, M. Ghazinour, M. Davern, W.P. Evans and H. Minas. 2017. ‘Migration Experience, Resilience and Depression: A Study of Iranian Immigrants Living in Australia’, International Journal of Culture and Mental Health, 10 (1): 108–120.
-
Huq, A. and V. Venugopal. 2021. ‘DIY Entrepreneurship?—Self-Reliance for Women Refugees in Australia’, International Migration, 59 (1): 126–142.
-
Hurtado-de-Mendoza, A., F.A. Gonzales, A. Serrano and S. Kaltman. 2014. ‘Social Isolation and Perceived Barriers to Establishing Social Networks Among Latina Immigrants’, American Journal of Community Psychology, 53 (1–2): 73–82.
-
Ikafa, I., D. Hack-Polay, J. Walker and A.B. Mahmoud. 2021. ‘African Migrants and Stress Coping Strategies in Australia: Implications for Social Work’, International Social Work. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020872820963435
-
International Organization for Migration (IOM). 2021. ‘Migration Data Portal’. https://www.migrationdataportal.org/international-data?i=stock_abs_andt=2020 Accessed 30.09.2021.
-
Jahangir, Y.T. and S.B. Meyer. 2020. ‘Understanding Access to and Utilisation of Sexual Health Services by South Asian Immigrant Men in Western Countries: A Scoping Review’, Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 22 (3): 621–633.
-
Joona, P.A. 2011. ‘The Native-Immigrant Income Gap among the Self-Employed in Sweden’, International Migration, 49 (4): 118–143.
-
Kang, S.K., K.A. DeCelles, A. Tilcsik and S. Jun. 2016. ‘Whitened Résumés: Race and Self-Presentation in the Labor Market’, Administrative Science Quarterly, 61 (3): 469–502. DOI: 10.1177/0001839216639577.
-
Kirkland, J.R. 1983. ‘The Social Adjustment of Armenian Immigrants in Australia’, International Migration, 21 (4): 515–539.
-
Kirpitchenko, L. and F. Mansouri. 2014. ‘Social Engagement among Migrant Youth: Attitudes and Meanings’, Social Inclusion, 2 (2): 17–27.
-
Koerner, C. and S. Pillay. 2020. ‘“We’re Multicultural Mate!” Understanding Multiculturalism in Australia’, in Koerner, C and Pillay, S. Governance and Multiculturalism, Cham: Springer International Publishing, 181–219.
-
Koirala, S. 2016a. ‘Refugee Settlement in Australia and the Challenges for Integration’, in Fan, S., Fielding-Wells, J. eds. What is Next in Educational Research?. Rotterdam: SensePublishers. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6300-524-1_12.
-
Koirala, S. 2016b. ‘Social Integration and Education: Non-Traditional Students’, in Fan, S., Fielding-Wells, J. eds. What is Next in Educational Research? Rotterdam: SensePublishers.
-
Krajewski, S. and S. Blumberg. 2014. ‘Identity Challenged: Taiwanese Women Migrating to Australia’, Gender, Place and Culture, 21 (6): 701–716.
-
Laliberté, J.W. 2019. ‘Language Skill Acquisition in Immigrant Social Networks: Evidence from Australia’, Labour Economics, 57: 35–45.
-
Lange, C., Z. Kamalkhani and L. Baldassar. 2007. ‘Afghan Hazara Refugees in Australia: Constructing Australian Citizens’, Social Identities, 13 (1): 31–50.
-
Larson, A., M. Gillies, P.J. Howard and J. Coffin. 2007. ‘It’s Enough to Make You Sick: The Impact of Racism on the Health of Aboriginal Australians’, Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 31 (4): 322–329.
-
Levey, G.B. 2019. ‘The Turnbull Government’s “Post-Multiculturalism” Multicultural Policy’, Australian Journal of Political Science, 54 (4): 456–473.
-
Li, Y.T. 2021. ‘One Person, Three Identities? Examining Re-Politicisation of Ethnic, National and Australian Identities among 1.5-Generation Taiwanese Immigrants in Australia’, Journal of Sociology, 57 (3): 541–558.
-
Lichtenstein, G. and J. Puma. 2018. ‘The Refugee Integration Survey and Evaluation (RISE): Results from a Four-Year Longitudinal Study’, Journal of Refugee Studies, 32 (3).
-
Mahmud, S., Q. Alam and C. Härtel. 2014. ‘Mismatches in Skills and Attributes of Immigrants and Problems with Workplace Integration: A Study of IT and Engineering Professionals in Australia’, Human Resource Management Journal, 24 (3): 339–354.
-
Majavu, M. 2018. ‘The Whiteness Regimes of Multiculturalism: The African Male Experience in Australia’, Journal of Asian and African Studies, 53 (2): 187–200.
-
Manderson, L. and P. Allotey. 2003. ‘Storytelling, Marginality and Community in Australia: How Immigrants Position Their Difference in Health Care Settings’, Medical Anthropology: Cross Cultural Studies in Health and Illness, 22 (1): 1–21.
-
Mansouri, F. and A. Johns. 2017. ‘Social Networks and Perceptions of Intergenerational Difference among Migrant Youth in Australia’, Journal of Sociology, 53 (1): 127–144.
-
Markus, A. 1985. ‘1984 or 1901? Immigration and Some “Lessons of Australian History”’, Markus, A. and Ricklefs, M.C. eds. Surrender Australia? Essays in the Study and Uses of History—Geoffrey Blainey and Asian Immigration, Sydney: George Allen & Unwin, 10–35.
-
Markus, A. and M. Taft. 2015. ‘Postwar Immigration and Assimilation: A Reconceptualisation’, Australian Historical Studies, 46 (2): 234–251.
-
Martin, R., C. Fernandes, C. Taylor, A. Crow, D. Headland, N. Shaw and S. Zammit. 2019. ‘“We Don’t Want to Live Like This”: The Lived Experience of Dislocation, Poor Health and Homelessness for Western Australian Aboriginal People’, Qualitative Health Research, 29 (2): 159–172.
-
Matamoros-Fernández, A. 2017. ‘Platformed Racism: The Mediation and Circulation of an Australian Race-Based Controversy on Twitter, Facebook and YouTube’, Information Communication and Society, 20 (6): 930–946.
-
Mergia, A. 2006. ‘Black African Immigrants in Australia: An Exploratory Analysis of the Impacts of Race and Class on Their Lived Experiences and Adaptation Processes’, PhD Dissertation: The University of Melbourne, School of Political Science and Sociology.
-
Milloss, S. 1975. ‘People of Serbian-Yugoslavian Background Living in Adelaide and Their Attempts Towards the Preservation of Their Cultural Heritage’, Clearing House on Migration Issues: 288.
-
Minns, J., K. Bradley and F.H. Chagas-Bastos. 2018. ‘Australia’s Refugee Policy: Not a Model for the World’, International Studies, 55 (1): 1–21.
-
Molla, T. 2020. ‘African Refugees in Australia: Social Position and Educational Outcomes’, Journal of Immigrant and Refugee Studies, 19 (4): 331–348.
-
Mwanri, L., L. Anderson and K. Gatwiri. 2021. ‘Telling Our Stories: Resilience during Resettlement for African Skilled Migrants in Australia’, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18 (8): 3954.
-
Nadeem, E., J.M. Lange and J. Miranda. 2009. ‘Perceived Need for Care among Low-Income Immigrant and U.S.-Born Black and Latina Women with Depression’, Journal of Women’s Health, 18 (3): 369–375.
-
Netto, G. 2011. ‘Strangers in the City: Addressing Challenges to the Protection, Housing and Settlement of Refugees’, International Journal of Housing Policy, 11 (3): 285–303.
-
O’Sullivan, D., M. Rahamathulla and M. Pawar. 2020. ‘The Impact and Implications of COVID-19: An Australian Perspective’, The International Journal of Community and Social Development, 2 (2): 134–151.
-
Phillips, J. and J. Simon-Davies. 2017. ‘Migration to Australia: A Quick Guide to the Statistics’. Parliament of Australia.
-
Pittaway, E., C. Muli and S. Shteir. 2009. ‘“I Have a Voice—Hear Me!” Findings of an Australian Study Examining the Resettlement and Integration Experience of Refugees and Migrants from the Horn of Africa in Australia’, Refuge, 26 (2): 133–146.
-
Platts-Fowler, D. and D. Robinson. 2015. ‘A Place for Integration: Refugee Experiences in Two English Cities’, Population, Space and Place, 21 (5): 476–491.
-
Polonsky, M.J., B. Brijnath and A.M.N. Renzaho. 2011. ‘“They Don’t Want Our Blood”: Social Inclusion and Blood Donation among African Migrants in Australia’, Social Science and Medicine, 73 (2): 336–342.
-
Price, C.A. 1998. ‘Post-War Immigration: 1947–1998’, Journal of the Australian Population Association, 15 (2): 115–129.
-
Pyke, N.O.P. 1946. ‘Some Reflections on Italian Immigration into Australia’, The Australian Quarterly, 18 (4): 35.
-
Reid, G., P. Higgs, L. Beyer and N. Crofts. 2002. ‘Vulnerability among Vietnamese Illicit Drug Users in Australia: Challenges for Change’, International Journal of Drug Policy, 13 (2): 127–136.
-
Rezaei, O., H. Adibi and V. Banham. 2021. ‘Integration Experiences of Former Afghan Refugees in Australia: What Challenges Still Remain after Becoming Citizens?’, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18 (19): 10559.
-
SBS. 2020. ‘Harmful Coronavirus Myths Are Being Spread in Australia’s Multicultural Communities’. https://www.sbs.com.au/news/harmful-coronavirus-myths-are-being-spread-in-australia-s-multicultural-communities. Accessed 26.03.2021.
-
Scottish Refugee Council. 2016. ‘The Holistic Integration Service: Learning and Evaluation Year 1: 2013–2014’.
-
Sharifian, F., M. Sadeghpour, S.M. Barton, J. Barry, G. Barton and I. Yilmaz. 2020. ‘English Language Learning Barriers of Afghan Refugee Women in Australia’, International Journal of Applied Linguistics, 31 (1): 65–78.
-
Sharma, N. 2015. ‘Racism’, in Anderson, B. and Hughes, V. eds. Citizenship and its Others, London: Palgrave Macmillan. 98–118.
-
Smith, L., H. Hoang, T. Reynish, K. McLeod, C. Hannah, S.T Auckland, S. Slewa-Younan and J. Mond. 2020. ‘Factors Shaping the Lived Experience of Resettlement for Former Refugees in Regional Australia’, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17 (2).
-
Stevens, B. 2005. ‘What Communication Skills Do Employers Want? Silicon Valley Recruiters Respond’, Journal of Employment Counseling, 42 (1): 2–9.
-
Strang, A. and A. Ager. 2010. ‘Refugee Integration: Emerging Trends and Remaining Agendas’, Journal of Refugee Studies, 23 (4): 589–607.
-
Sturman, N. and D. Matheson. 2020. ‘“I Just Hope They Take It Seriously”: Homeless Men Talk about Their Health Care’, Australian Health Review, 44 (5): 748–754.
-
Swapan, M., S. Hasan, S. Khan, M. Mackenzie and M.S. Iftekhar. 2020. ‘Small Lot Housing as a Means to Realise Compact Cities: The Case of Perth, Western Australia’, Urban Policy and Research, 38 (1): 37–50.
-
Syed, J. and P. Murray. 2009. ‘Combating the English Language Deficit: The Labour Market Experiences of Migrant Women in Australia’, Human Resource Management Journal, 19 (4): 413–432.
-
Taft, R. 1961. ‘The Assimilation of Dutch Male Immigrants in a Western Australian Community: A Replication of Richardson’s Study of British Immigrants’, Human Relations, 14 (3): 265–281.
-
Tietze, S. 2004. ‘Spreading the Management Gospel-in English’, Language and Intercultural Communication, 4 (3): 175–189.
-
Udah, H. and P. Singh. 2019. ‘Identity, Othering and Belonging: Toward an Understanding of Difference and the Experiences of African Immigrants to Australia’, Social Identities, 25 (6): 843–859.
-
Udah, H., P. Singh and S. Chamberlain. 2019. ‘Settlement and Employment Outcomes of Black African Immigrants in Southeast Queensland, Australia’, Asian and Pacific Migration Journal, 28 (1): 53–74.
-
Udah, H., P. Singh, K. Hiruy and L. Mwanri. 2019. ‘African Immigrants to Australia: Barriers and Challenges to Labor Market Success’, Journal of Asian and African Studies, 54 (8): 1159–1174.
-
Udah, H., P. Singh, D. Hölscher and J. Cartmel. 2019. ‘Experiences of Vulnerability and Sources of Resilience among Immigrants and Refugees’, Australasian Review of African Studies, 40 (1): 81–100.
-
Vasey, K. and L. Manderson. 2012. ‘Regionalising Immigration, Health and Inequality: Iraqi Refugees in Australia’, Administrative Sciences, 2 (1): 47–62.
-
Velayutham, S. 2013. ‘Precarious Experiences of Indians in Australia on 457 Temporary Work Visas’, Economic and Labour Relations Review, 24 (3): 340–361.
-
Vergani, M., I. Yilmaz, G. Barton, J. Barry, G. Bashirov and S.M. Barton. 2021. ‘Bonding Social Capital, Afghan Refugees and Early Access to Employment’, International Migrations Review, DOI: 019791832110002.
-
Watkins, P.G., R. Husna and R. Juliet. 2012. ‘“I’m Telling You … the Language Barrier Is the Most, the Biggest Challenge”: Barriers to Education among Karen Refugee Women in Australia’, Australian Journal of Education, 56 (2): 126–141.
-
Waxman, P. 2001. ‘The Economic Adjustment of Recently Arrived Bosnian, Afghan and Iraqi Refugees in Sydney, Australia’, International Migration Review, 35 (2): 472–505.
-
Wille, J. and Information Director. 2011. ‘Agency and Belonging: Southern Sudanese Former Refugees’ Reflections on Life in Australia’, The Australasian Review of African Studies, 32 (2): 80.
-
Ziersch, A. and C. Due. 2018. ‘A Mixed Methods Systematic Review of Studies Examining the Relationship between Housing and Health for People from Refugee and Asylum Seeking Backgrounds’, Social Science and Medicine, 213: 199–219.
-
Ziersch, A., E. Miller, M. Baak and L. Mwanri. 2020. ‘Integration and Social Determinants of Health and Wellbeing for People from Refugee Backgrounds Resettled in a Rural Town in South Australia: A Qualitative Study’, BMC Public Health, 20 (1): 1–16.
| All Time | Past 365 days | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 3356 | 2381 | 73 |
| Full Text Views | 910 | 92 | 2 |
| PDF Views & Downloads | 1548 | 202 | 6 |
Integration Challenges of Immigrants from Non-English-Speaking Backgrounds in Australia
A Critical Review from 1975 to 2021
In: Diaspora StudiesSearch for other papers by Omid Rezaei in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Hossein Adibi in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Vicki Banham in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Abstract
Migrants have played a crucial role in shaping the history of Australian society and its development, particularly after 1975, when Australia formally dismantled its White Australia Policy and welcomed immigrants from around the world. Since then, millions of immigrants from non-English-speaking backgrounds have settled in Australia. This review aims to critically discuss the main challenges that many of these immigrants face as part of their integration process in Australia. For this research, various large and relevant databases were considered and searched. And by applying ‘inclusion and exclusion criteria’, fifty-six major articles published between 1975 to 2021 were selected for critical review and analysis. The findings of this research indicate that, while there have been changes to streamline the process of integration and improve services, five clusters of major challenges have confronted immigrants since 1975: the labour market, racism and discrimination, the language barrier, social connections and housing and accommodation.
| All Time | Past 365 days | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 3356 | 2381 | 73 |
| Full Text Views | 910 | 92 | 2 |
| PDF Views & Downloads | 1548 | 202 | 6 |