Coalitions in theory and reality: a review of pertinent variables and processes
In: BehaviourbAnthropological Institute and Museum, University of Zürich, 190 Winterthurerstrasse, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
Search for other papers by Annie Bissonnette in
Current site
Google Scholar
Search for other papers by Susan Perry in
Current site
Google Scholar
eApplied Behaviour and Ecosystems Research Unit, UNISA, Johannesburg, South Africa
Search for other papers by Louise Barrett in
Current site
Google Scholar
Search for other papers by John C. Mitani in
Current site
Google Scholar
Search for other papers by Mark Flinn in
Current site
Google Scholar
Search for other papers by Sergey Gavrilets in
Current site
Google Scholar
Search for other papers by Frans B.M. de Waal in
Current site
Google Scholar
Coalitions and alliances are ubiquitous in humans and many other mammals, being part of the fabric of complex social systems. Field biologists and ethologists have accumulated a vast amount of data on coalition and alliance formation, while theoretical biologists have developed modelling approaches. With the accumulation of empirical data and sophisticated theory, we are now potentially able to answer a host of questions about how coalitions emerge and are maintained in a population over time, and how the psychology of this type of cooperation evolved. Progress can only be achieved, however, by effectively bridging the communication gap that currently exists between empiricists and theoreticians. In this paper, we aim to do so by asking three questions: (1) What are the primary questions addressed by theoreticians interested in coalition formation, and what are the main building blocks of their models? (2) Do empirical observations support the assumptions of current models, and if not, how can we improve this situation? (3) Has theoretical work led to a better understanding of coalition formation, and what are the most profitable lines of inquiry for the future? Our overarching goal is to promote the integration of theoretical and field biology by motivating empirical scientists to collect data on aspects of coalition formation that are currently poorly quantified and to encourage theoreticians to develop a comprehensive theory of coalition formation that is testable under real-world conditions.
Purchase
Buy instant access (PDF download and unlimited online access):
Institutional Login
Log in with Open Athens, Shibboleth, or your institutional credentials
Personal login
Log in with your brill.com account
-
Adams E.S. (2005). Bayesian analysis of linear dominance hierarchies. — Anim. Behav. 69: 1191-1201.
-
Akcay E., Roughgarden J. (2007). Negotiation of mutualism: rhizobia and legumes. — Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B: Biol. Sci. 274: 25-32.
-
Aktipis C.A. (2011). Is cooperation viable in mobile organisms? Simple Walk Away strategy favors the evolution of cooperation in groups. — Evol. Hum. Behav. 32: 263-276.
-
Alberts S.C., Watts H.E., Altmann J. (2003). Queuing and queue-jumping: long-term patterns of reproductive skew in male savannah baboons, Papio cynocephalus. — Anim. Behav. 65: 821-840.
-
Alexander R.D. (1990). How did humans evolve? Reflections on the uniquely unique species. — University of Michigan, Museum of Zoology (Special Publication), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.
-
Alexander R.D. (2014). Darwin’s challenges and the future of human society. — In: Predicting the future in science, economics, and politics ( Williamson P., Polachek S., Bueno de Mesquita B., eds). Edward Elgar Press, Cheltenham, U.K.
-
Apicella C.L., Marlowe F.W., Fowler J.H., Christakis N.A. (2012). Social networks and cooperation in hunter-gatherers. — Nature 481: 497-501.
-
Archie E.A., Altmann J., Alberts S.C. (2014). Costs of reproduction in a long-lived female primate: injury risk and wound healing. — Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 68: 1183-1193.
-
Barrett L., Henzi S.P. (2002). Constraints on relationship formation among female primates. — Behaviour 139: 263-289.
-
Benenson J.F., Markovits H., Emery Thompson M., Wrangham R.W. (2009). Strength determines coalitional strategies in humans. — Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B: Biol. Sci. 276: 2589-2595.
-
Bercovitch F.B. (1988). Coalitions, cooperation and reproductive tactics among adult male baboons. — Anim. Behav. 36: 1198-1209.
-
Berghänel A., Schülke O., Ostner J. (2010). Coalition formation among Barbary macaque males: the influence of scramble competition. — Anim. Behav. 80: 675-682.
-
Berghänel A., Ostner J., Schroeder U., Schülke O. (2011). Social bonds predict future cooperation in male Barbary macaques, Macaca sylvanus. — Anim. Behav. 81: 1109-1116.
-
Berman C.M., Lonica C., Li J. (2007). Supportive and tolerant relationships among male Tibetan macaques at Huangshan, China. — Behaviour 144: 631-661.
-
Bernstein I., Williams L., Ramsay M. (1983). The expression of aggression in old-world monkeys. — Int. J. Primatol. 4: 113-125.
-
Bernstein I.S. (1964). Group social patterns as influenced by the removal and later reintroduction of the dominant male rhesus. — Psychol. Rep. 14: 3-10.
-
Bernstein I.S. (1981). Dominance: the baby and the bathwater. — Behav. Brain Sci. 4: 419-429.
-
Bernstein I.S., Ehardt C.L. (1985). Agonistic aiding — kinship, rank, age, and sex influences. — Am. J. Primatol. 8: 37-52.
-
Binmore K. (2010). Bargaining in biology? — J. Evol. Biol. 23: 1351-1363.
-
Bissonnette A. (2009). Testing a model on coalitions in Barbary macaque males (Macaca sylvanus). — PhD thesis, University of Zurich, Zurich.
-
Bissonnette A., de Vries H., van Schaik C.P. (2009a). Coalitions in Barbary macaque males, Macaca sylvanus: success, strength and rules of thumb. — Anim. Behav. 78: 329-335.
-
Bissonnette A., Lange E., van Schaik C.P. (2009b). A cardinal measure of competitive ability in Barbary macaque males (Macaca sylvanus). — Ethology 115: 671-681.
-
Bissonnette A., Bischofberger N., van Schaik C.P. (2011). Mating skew in Barbary macaque males: the role of cycle synchrony, female behavior and male coalitions. — Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 65: 167-182.
-
Bissonnette A., Franz M., Schülke O., Ostner J. (2014). Socioecology, but not cognition, predicts male coalitions across primates. — Behav. Ecol. 25: 794-801.
-
Bloch F., Sánchez-Pagés S., Soubeyran R. (2006). When doesn’t universal peace prevail? Secession and group formation in conflict. — Econ. Gov. 7: 3-29.
-
Boehm C. (1994). Pacifying interventions at Arnhem Zoo and Gombe. — In: Chimpanzee cultures ( Wrangham R.W., McGrew W.C., de Waal F.B.M., Heltne P.G., eds). Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, p. 211-226.
-
Boehm C. (1999). Hierarchy in the forest. The evolution of egalitarian behavior. — Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
-
Boesch C., Boesch-Achermann H. (2000). The chimpanzees of the Taï forest: behavioural ecology and evolution. — Oxford University Press, New York, NY.
-
Bohorquez J.C., Gourley S., Dixon A.R., Spagat M., Johnson N.F. (2009). Common ecology quantifies human insurgence. — Nature 462: 911-914.
-
Boinski S., Mitchell C.L. (1994). Male residence and association patterns in Costa-Rican squirrel monkeys (Saimiri oerstedi). — Am. J. Primatol. 34: 157-169.
-
Boinski S., Kauffman L., Ehmke E., Schet S., Vreedzaam A. (2005). Dispersal patterns among three species of squirrel monkeys (Saimiri oerstedii, S. boliviensis and S. sciureus): I. Divergent costs and benefits. — Behaviour 142: 525-632.
-
Borries C., Sommer V., Srivastava A. (1991). Dominance, age and reproductive sucess in free-ranging female Hanuman langurs (Presbytis entellus). — Int. J. Primatol. 12: 231-257.
-
Bowles S. (2009). Did warfare among ancestral hunter-gatherers affect the evolution of human social behaviors? — Science 324: 1293-1298.
-
Boyd R., Silk J.B. (1983). A method for assigning cardinal dominance ranks. — Anim. Behav. 31: 45-58.
-
Broom M., Koenig A., Borries C. (2009). Variation in dominance hierarchies among group-living animals: modelling stability and the likelihood of coalitions. — Behav. Ecol. 20: 844-855.
-
Caro T.M., Collins D.A. (1987). Male cheetah social-organization and territoriality. — Ethology 74: 52-64.
-
Chagnon N.A. (1979). Is reproductive success equal in egalitarian societies? — In: Evolutionary biology and human social behavior: An anthropological perspective ( Chagnon N.A., Irons W., eds). Duxbury Press, North Scituate, MA, p. 374-401.
-
Chagnon N.A. (1982). Socio-demographic attributes of nepotism in tribal populations: man the rule breaker. — In: Current problems in sociobiology (King’s College Sociobiology Group, ed.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p. 291-318.
-
Chagnon N.A. (1988). Life histories, blood revenge, and warfare in a tribal population. — Science 239: 985-992.
-
Chagnon N.A., Bugos P.E. (1979). Kin selection and conflict: an analysis of a Yanomamö ax fight. — In: Evolutionary biology and human social behavior: An anthropological perspective ( Chagnon N.A., Irons W., eds). Duxbury Press, North Scituate, MA, p. 213-238.
-
Chagnon N.A., Flinn M.V., Melancon T.F. (1979). Sex-ratio variation among the Yanomamö Indians. — In: Evolutionary biology and human social behavior: An anthropological perspective ( Chagnon N.A., Irons W., eds). Duxbury Press, North Scituate, MA, p. 290-320.
-
Chapais B. (1983). Matriline membership and male rhesus reaching high ranks in the natal troops. — In: Primate social relationships: an integrated approach ( Hinde R.A., ed.). Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, MA, p. 171-175.
-
Chapais B. (1986). Why do adult male and female rhesus monkeys affiliate during the birth season? — In: The Cayo Santiago macaques. History, behavior and biology ( Rawlins R.G., Kessler M.J., eds). State University of New York Press, Albany, NY, p. 173-200.
-
Chapais B. (1992). The role of alliances in social inheritance of rank among female primates. — In: Coalitions and alliances in humans and other animals ( Harcourt A.H., de Waal F.B.M., eds). Oxford University Press, Oxford, p. 29-59.
-
Chapais B. (1995). Alliances as a means of competition in primates: evolutionary, developmental, and cognitive aspects. — Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 38: 115-136.
-
Chapais B. (2006). Kinship, competence and cooperation in primates. — In: Cooperation in primates and humans: mechanisms and evolution ( Kappeler P.M., van Schaik C.P., eds). Springer, New York, NY, p. 47-64.
-
Chapais B., Girard M., Primi G. (1991). Nonkin alliances, and the stability of matrilineal relations in Japanese macaques. — Anim. Behav. 41: 481-491.
-
Chapais B., Prud’Homme J., Teijeiro S. (1994). Dominance competition among siblings in Japanese macaques: constraints on nepotism. — Anim. Behav. 48: 1335-1347.
-
Chapais B., Gauthier C., Prud’homme J. (1995). Dominance competition through affiliation and support in Japanese macaques: an experimental study. — Int. J. Primatol. 16: 521-536.
-
Chapais B., Gauthier C., Prud’Homme J., Vasey P. (1997). Relatedness threshold for nepotism in Japanese macaques. — Anim. Behav. 53: 1089-1101.
-
Chapais B., Savard L., Gauthier C. (2001). Kin selection and the distribution of altruism in relation to degree of kinship in Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata). — Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 49: 493-502.
-
Chapais B., Schulman S.R. (1980). Evolutionary model of female dominance relations in primates. — J. Theor. Biol. 82: 47-89.
-
Chase I.D., Bartolomeo C., Dugatkin L.A. (1994). Aggressive interactions and inter-contest interval: how long do winners keep winning. — Anim. Behav. 48: 393-400.
-
Cheney D.L., Moscovice L.R., Heesen M., Mundry R., Seyfarth R.M. (2010). Contingent cooperation between wild female baboons. — Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 107: 9562-9566.
-
Choi J.K., Bowles S. (2007). The coevolution of parochial altruism and war. — Science 318: 636-640.
-
Clutton-Brock T.H., Guiness F.E., Albon S.D. (1982). Red deer: behavior and ecology of two sexes. — University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL.
-
Cohen J. (1972). Markov population processes as models of primate social and population dynamics. — J. Theor. Biol. 3: 19-134.
-
Collins D.A. (1981). Social behaviour and patterns of mating among adult yellowbaboons (Papio c. cynocephalus L. 1766). — PhD thesis, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh.
-
Connor R., Whitehead H. (2005). Alliances II. Rates of encounter during resource utilization: a general model of intrasexual alliance formation in fission–fussion societies. — Anim. Behav. 69: 127-132.
-
Connor R.C., Smolker R.A., Richards A.F. (1992). Dolphin alliances and coalitions. — In: Coalitions and alliances in humans and other animals ( Harcourt A.H., de Waal F.B.M., eds). Oxford University Press, Oxford, p. 233-257.
-
Connor R.C., Wells R.S., Mann J., Read A.J. (2000). The bottlenose dolphin: social relationships in a fission–fusion society. — In: Cetacean societies: field studies of whales and dolphins ( Mann J., Connor R., Tyack P., Whitehead H., eds). University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL, p. 91-126.
-
Connor R.C., Heithaus M.R., Barre L.M. (2001). Complex social structure, alliance stability and mating access in a bottlenose dolphin ‘super-alliance’. — Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B: Biol. Sci. 268: 263-267.
-
Connor R.C., Smolker R., Bejder L. (2006). Synchrony, social behaviour and alliance affiliation in Indian Ocean bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops aduncus. — Anim. Behav. 72: 1371-1378.
-
Cowlishaw G., Dunbar R.I.M. (1991). Dominance rank and mating success in male primates. — Anim. Behav. 41: 1045-1056.
-
Curtin R.A. (1981). Strategy and tactics in male gray langur competition. — J. Hum. Evol. 10: 245-253.
-
de Villiers M.S., Richardson P.R.K., van Jaarsveld A.S. (2003). Patterns of coalition formation and spatial association in a social carnivore, the African wild dog (Lycaon pictus). — J. Zool. 260: 377-389.
-
de Vries H. (1998). Finding a dominance order most consistent with a linear hierarchy: a new procedure and review. — Anim. Behav. 55: 827-843.
-
de Vries H., Appleby M.C. (2000). Finding an appropriate order for a hierarchy: a comparison of the I&SI and the BBS methods. — Anim. Behav. 59: 239-245.
-
de Waal F.B.M. (1976). Straight aggression and appeal aggression in Macaca fascicularis. — Experientia (Basel) 32: 1268-1270.
-
de Waal F.B.M. (1978). Exploitative and familiarity-dependent support strategies in a colony of semi-free-living chimpanzees. — Behaviour 66: 268-312.
-
de Waal F.B.M. (1982). Chimpanzee politics: power and sex among apes. — Jonathan Cape, London.
-
de Waal F.B.M. (1984). Sex-differences in the formation of coalitions among chimpanzees. — Ethol. Sociobiol. 5: 239-255.
-
de Waal F.B.M. (1986). The brutal elimination of a rival among captive male chimpanzees. — Ethol. Sociobiol. 7: 237-251.
-
de Waal F.B.M. (1996). Conflict as negotiation. — In: Great ape societies ( McGrew W.C., Marchant L.F., Nishida T., eds). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p. 159-172.
-
de Waal F.B.M., Harcourt A.H. (1992). Coalitions and alliances: a history of ethological research. — In: Coalitions and alliances in humans and other animals ( Harcourt A.H., de Waal F.B.M., eds). Oxford University Press, Oxford, p. 1-19.
-
de Waal F.B.M., van Hooff J.A.R.A.M. (1981). Side directed communication and agonistic interactions in chimpanzees. — Behaviour 77: 164-196.
-
Dittus W.P.J. (1977). The social regulation of population density and age–sex distribution in the toque monkey. — Behaviour 63: 281-322.
-
Duffy K.G., Wrangham R.W., Silk J.B. (2007). Male chimpanzees exchange political support for mating opportunities. — Curr. Biol. 17: R586-R587.
-
Dugatkin L.A. (1998). A model of coalition formation in animals. — Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B: Biol. Sci. 265: 2121-2125.
-
Dugatkin L.A. (2004). Principles of animal behavior. — WW Norton, New York, NY.
-
Ehardt C.L., Bernstein I.S. (1992). Conflict intervention behaviour by adult male macaques: structural and functional aspects. — In: Coalitions and alliances in humans and other animals ( Harcourt A.H., de Waal F.B.M., eds). Oxford University Press, Oxford, p. 83-111.
-
Engh A.L., Esch K., Smale L., Holekamp K.E. (2000). Mechanisms of maternal rank ‘inheritance’ in the spotted hyaena, Crocuta crocuta. — Anim. Behav. 60: 323-332.
-
Engh A.L., Funk S.M., Van Horn R.C., Scribner K.T., Bruford M.W., Libants S., Szykman M., Smale L., Holekamp K.E. (2002). Reproductive skew among males in a female-dominated mammalian society. — Behav. Ecol. 13: 193-200.
-
Esteban J., Sákovics J. (2003). Olson vs. Coase: coalition worth in conflict. — Theor. Decis. 55: 339-357.
-
Euguíluz V.M., Zimmermann M.G. (2000). Transmission of information and herd behavior: an application to financial markets. — Phys. Rev. Lett. 85: 5659-5662.
-
Fedigan L.M. (1992). Primate paradigms. — University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL.
-
Fedurek P., Machanda Z.P., Schel A.M., Slocombe K.E. (2013). Pant hoot chorusing and social bonds in male chimpanzees. — Anim. Behav. 86: 189-196.
-
Feh C. (1999). Alliances and reproductive success in Camargue stallions. — Anim. Behav. 57: 705-713.
-
Flack J.C., Girvan M., de Waal F.B.M., Krakauer D.C. (2006). Policing stabilizes construction of social niches in primates. — Nature 439: 426-429.
-
Flinn M.V., Geary D.C., Ward C.V. (2005). Ecological dominance, social competition, and coalitionary arms races: why humans evolved extraordinary intelligence. — Evol. Hum. Behav. 26: 10-46.
-
Flinn M.V., Ponzi D., Muehlenbein M.P. (2012). Hormonal mechanisms for regulation of aggression in human coalitions. — Hum. Nat. 22: 68-88.
-
Fraser O.N., Bugnyar T. (2012). Reciprocity of agonistic support in ravens. — Anim. Behav. 83: 171-177.
-
Garfinkel M.R. (2004). Stable alliance formation in distributional conflict. — Eur. J. Politic. Econ. 20: 829-852.
-
Gavrilets S. (2010). Rapid transition towards the division of labor via evolution of developmental plasticity. — PLOS Comp. Biol. 6: e1000805.
-
Gavrilets S. (2012). On the evolutionary origins of the egalitarian syndrome. — Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 109: 14069-14074.
-
Gavrilets S., Fortunato L. (2014). Evolution of social instincts in between-group conflict with within-group inequality. — Nature Commun. 5: 3526.
-
Gavrilets S., Duenez-Guzman E.A., Vose M.D. (2008). Dynamics of coalition formation and the egalitarian revolution. — PLoS ONE 3: e3293.
-
Gigerenzer G., Todd P.M., Group A.R. (1999). Simple heuristics that make us smart. — Oxford University Press, New York.
-
Gilby I.C., Brent L.J.N., Wroblewski E.E., Rudicell R.S., Hahn B.H., Goodall J., Pusey A.E. (2013). Fitness benefits of coalitionary aggression in male chimpanzees. — Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 67: 373-381.
-
Gilby I.C., Wrangham R.W. (2008). Association patterns among wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) reflect sex differences in cooperation. — Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 62: 1831-1842.
-
Gilles R.P. (2010). The cooperative game theory of networks and hierarchies. — Springer, Heidelberg.
-
Goodall J. (1986). The chimpanzees of Gombe: patterns of behavior. — Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
-
Gouzoules H., Gouzoules S. (2000). Agonistic screams differ among four species of macaques: the significance of motivation-structural rules. — Anim. Behav. 59: 501-512.
-
Gros-Louis J., Perry S., Fichtel C., Wikberg E., Gilkenson H., Wofsy S., Fuentes A. (2008). Vocal repertoire of white-faced capuchin monkeys (Cebus capucinus): acoustic structure, context and usage. — Int. J. Primatol. 29: 641-670.
-
Gros-Louis J., Perry S., Manson J.H. (2003). Violent coalitionary attacks and intraspecific killing in wild white-faced capuchin monkeys (Cebus capucinus). — Primates 44: 341-346.
-
Hagen E.H., Bryant G.A. (2003). Music and dance as a coalition signaling system. — Hum. Nat. 14: 21-51.
-
Hall K.R.L., DeVore I. (1965). Baboon social behavior. — In: Primate behavior. Field studies of monkeys and apes ( DeVore I., ed.). Holt, Rinehart & Winston, New York, NY, p. 53-110.
-
Hamilton W.D. (1964). Genetical evolution of social behaviour; I and II. — J. Theor. Biol. 7: 1-52.
-
Harcourt A.H. (1992). Coalitions and alliances: are primates more complex than non-primates? — In: Coalitions and alliances in humans and other animals ( Harcourt A.H., de Waal F.B.M., eds). Oxford University Press, Oxford, p. 445-471.
-
Harcourt A.H., de Waal F.B.M. (1992). Coalitions and alliances in humans and other animals. — Oxford University Press, Oxford.
-
Harcourt A.H., Stewart K.J. (1989). Function of alliances in contests within wild gorilla groups. — Behaviour 109: 176-190.
-
Hasegawa M., Kutsukake N. (in press). Bayesian competitiveness estimation predicts dominance turnover among wild male chimpanzees. — Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol.
-
Hemelrijk C.K., Ek A. (1991). Reciprocity and interchange of grooming and ‘support’ in captive chimpanzees. — Anim. Behav. 41: 923-935.
-
Hemelrijk C.K., Puga-Gonzalez I. (2012). An individual-oriented model on the emergence of support in fights, its reciprocation and exchange. — Plos ONE 7: e0037271.
-
Henzi S.P., Barrettt L. (2007). Coexistence in female-bonded primate groups. — Adv. Stud. Behav. 37: 43-81.
-
Higham J.P., Maestripieri D. (2010). Revolutionary coalitions in male rhesus macaques. — Behaviour 147: 1889-1908.
-
Hirsch B.T. (2007). Spoiled brats: is extreme juvenile agonism in ring-tailed coatis (Nasua nasua) dominance or tolerated aggression? — Ethology 113: 446-456.
-
Hofer H., East M.L. (2003). Behavioral processes and costs of co-existence in female spotted hyenas: a life history perspective. — Evol. Ecol. 17: 315-331.
-
Holekamp K.E., Ogutu J.O., Dublin H.T., Frank L.G., Smale L. (1993). Fission of a spotted hyena clan: consequences of prolonged female absenteeism and causes of female emigration. — Ethology 93: 285-299.
-
Holekamp K.E., Smale L., Szykman M. (1996). Rank and reproduction in the female spotted hyaena. — J. Reprod. Fertil. 108: 229-237.
-
Hruschka D.J. (2010). Friendship: development, ecology, and evolution of a relationship. — University of California Press, Berkeley, CA.
-
Hruschka D.J., Henrich J. (2006). Friendship, cliqueness, and the emergence of cooperation. — J. Theor. Biol. 239: 1-15.
-
Hsu Y.Y., Wolf L.L. (1999). The winner and loser effect: integrating multiple experiences. — Anim. Behav. 57: 903-910.
-
Janson C. (1985). Aggressive competition and individual food comsumption in wild brown capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella). — Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 18: 125-138.
-
Jennings D.J., Carlin C.M., Gammell M.P. (2009). A winner effect supports third-party intervention behaviour during fallow deer, Dama dama, fights. — Anim. Behav. 77: 343-348.
-
Jennings D.J., Carlin C.M., Hayden T.J., Gammell M.P. (2011). Third-party intervention behaviour during fallow deer fights: the role of dominance, age, fighting and body size. — Anim. Behav. 81: 1217-1222.
-
Johnstone R.A., Dugatkin L.A. (2000). Coalition formation in animals and the nature of winner and loser effects. — Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B: Biol. Sci. 267: 17-21.
-
Jones B.M. (1980). The functions of status in the mantled howler monkey, Alouatta palliata Gray: intraspecific competition for group membership in a folivorous neotropical primate. — Primates 21: 389-405.
-
Jones C. (2005). A preliminary test of the van Schaik model of male coalitions for Costa Rican mantled howler monkeys (Alouatta palliata). — Lab. Prim. Newslett. 44: 3-4.
-
Kaburu S.S.K., Inoue S., Newton-Fisher N.E. (2013). Death of the Apha: within-community lethal violence among chimpanzees of the Mahale Mountains National Park. — Am. J. Primatol. 75: 789-797.
-
Kahan J.P., Rapoport A. (1984). The theory of coalition formation. — Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, New Jersey.
-
Kaplan J.R. (1977). Patterns of fight interference in free-ranging rhesus monkeys. — Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 47: 279-288.
-
Kapsalis E. (2004). Matrilineal kinship and primate behavior. — In: Kinship and behavior in primates ( Chapais B., Berman C.M., eds). Oxford University Press, Oxford, p. 153-176.
-
Katz Y., Tunstrøm K., Ioannou C.C., Huepe C., Couzin I.D. (2011). Inferring the structure and dynamics of interactions in schooling fish. — Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 108: 18720-18725.
-
Kawai M. (1958). On the system of social ranks in a natural troop of Japanese monkey (I) — basic rank and dependent rank. — Primates 1: 111-130.
-
Kawamura S. (1958). Matriarchal social ranks in the Minoo-B troop: a study of the rank system of Japanese monkeys. — Primates 1: 149-156.
-
Kirschner S., Tomasello M. (2010). Joint music making promotes prosocial behavior in 4-year-old children. — Evol. Hum. Behav. 31: 354-364.
-
Konrad K.A., Kovenock D. (2009). The alliance formation puzzle and capacity constraints. — Econ. Lett. 103: 84-86.
-
Krützen M., Barre L.M., Connor R.C., Mann J., Sherwin W.B. (2004). ‘O father: where art thou?’ — paternity assessment in an open fission–fusion society of wild bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops sp.) in Shark Bay, Western Australia. — Mol. Ecol. 13: 1975-1990.
-
Kuester J., Paul A. (1992). Influence of male competition and female mate choice on male mating success in Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus). — Behaviour 120: 192-217.
-
Kulik L., Muniz L., Mundry R., Widdig A. (2012). Patterns of interventions and the effect of coalitions and sociality on male fitness. — Mol. Ecol. 21: 699-714.
-
Kummer H. (1967). Tripartite relations in hamadryas baboons. — In: Social communication among primates ( Altmann S.A., ed.). University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL, p. 63-71.
-
Kurland J. (1977). Kin selection in the Japanese monkey. — Contr. Primatol. 12: 1-145.
-
Kutsukake N., Hasegawa T. (2005). Dominance turnover between an alpha and a beta male and dynamics of social relationships in Japanese macaques. — Int. J. Primatol. 26: 775-800.
-
Kutsukake N., Nunn C.L. (2006). Comparative tests of reproductive skew in male primates: the roles of demographic factors and incomplete control. — Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 60: 695-706.
-
Langergraber K.A. (2012). Cooperation among kin. — In: The evolution of primate societies ( Mitani J.C., Call J., Kappeler P.M., Palombit R.A., Silk J.B., eds). The University of Chicago Press, London, p. 491-513.
-
Langergraber K.E., Mitani J.C., Vigilant L. (2007). The limited impact of kinship on cooperation in wild chimpanzees. — Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104: 7786-7790.
-
Lea A.J., Learn N.H., Theus M.J., Altmann J., Alberts S.C. (2014). Complex sources of variance in female dominance rank in a nepotistic society. — Anim. Behav. 94: 87-99.
-
Lee P.C. (1987). Allomothering among African elephants. — Anim. Behav. 35: 278-291.
-
Leimar O., Hammerstein P. (2006). Facing the facts. — J. Evol. Biol. 19: 1403-1405.
-
Mann M. (1993). The sources of social power: the rise of classes and nation states. — Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
-
Mathew S., Boyd R. (2011). Punishment sustains large-scale cooperation in pre-state warfare. — Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 108: 11375-11380.
-
Maynard Smith J. (1982). Evolution and the theory of games. — Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
-
McNamara J.M., Houston A.I. (2009). Integrating function and mechanism. — Trends Ecol. Evol. 24: 670-675.
-
McNamara J.M., Binmore K., Houston A.I. (2006). Cooperation should not be assumed. — Trends Ecol. Evol. 21: 476-478.
-
McNeill W.H. (1995). Keeping together in time: dance and drill in human history. — Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
-
Melis A., Hare B., Tomasello M. (2009). Chimpanzees negotiate in a bargaining game. — Evol. Hum. Behav. 30: 381-392.
-
Mesterton-Gibbons M., Gavrilets S., Gravner J., Akcay E. (2011). Models of coalition or alliance formation. — J. Theor. Biol. 274: 187-204.
-
Mesterton-Gibbons M., Sherratt T.N. (2007). Coalition formation: a game-theoretic analysis. — Behav. Ecol. 18: 277-286.
-
Mesterton-Gibbons M., Sherratt T.N. (2009). Neighbor intervention: a game-theoretic model. — J. Theor. Biol. 256: 263-275.
-
Mills M.G.L. (1990). Kalahari hyaenas: comparative behavioural ecology of two species. — Blackburn Press, Caldwell, NJ.
-
Milner R.N.C., Jennions M.D., Backwell P.R.Y. (2011). Know thine enemy’s neighbor: neighbor size affects floaters’ choice of whom to fight. — Behav. Ecol. 22: 947-950.
-
Mitani J.C. (2009). Male chimpanzees form enduring and equitable social bonds. — Anim. Behav. 77: 633-640.
-
Mitani J.C., Brandt K.L. (1994). Social factors influence the acoustic variability in the long-distance calls of male chimpanzees. — Ethology 96: 233-252.
-
Mitani J.C., Gros-Louis J. (1998). Chorusing and call convergence in chimpanzees: tests of three hypotheses. — Behaviour 135: 1041-1064.
-
Mitani J.C., Watts D. (2001). Why do chimpanzees hunt and share meat? — Anim. Behav. 61: 915-924.
-
Mitani J.C., Merriwether D.A., Zhang C.B. (2000). Male affiliation, cooperation and kinship in wild chimpanzees. — Anim. Behav. 59: 885-893.
-
Mitani J., Watts D., Pepper J., Merriwether D.A. (2002). Demographic and social constraints on male chimpanzee behavior. — Anim. Behav. 63: 727-737.
-
Mitchell C.L., Boinski S., van Schaik C.P. (1991). Competitive regimes and female bonding in 2 species of squirell monkeys (Saimiri oerstedi and S. sciureus). — Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 28: 55-60.
-
Muller M.N., Mitani J.C. (2005). Conflict and cooperation in wild chimpanzees. — Adv. Stud. Behav. 35: 275-331.
-
Murray C.M., Eberly L.E., Pusey A.E. (2006). Foraging strategies as a function of season and rank among wild female chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). — Behav. Ecol. 17: 1020-1028.
-
Myerson R.B. (1991). Game theory. Analysis of conflict. — Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
-
Nishida T. (1983). Alpha status and agonistic alliance in wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii). — Primates 24: 318-336.
-
Nishida T., Hasegawa T., Hayaki H., Takahata Y., Uehara S. (1992). Meat-sharing as a coalition strategy by an alpha male chimpanzee? — In: Topics in primatology, Vol. 1: human origins ( Nishida T., McGrew W.C., Marler P., eds). University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo, p. 159-174.
-
Nishida T., Hosaka K. (1996). Coalition strategies among adult male chimpanzees of the Mahale Mountains, Tanzania. — In: The great ape societies ( McGrew W.C., Marchant L.F., Nishida T., eds). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p. 114-134.
-
Noë R. (1986a). Asymmetry in alliances of baboons. — Prim. Rep. 14: 108.
-
Noë R. (1986b). Lasting alliances among adult male savannah baboons. — In: Primate ontogeny, cognition and social behaviour ( Else J.M., Lee P.H., eds). Cambridge University Press, New York, NY, p. 381-392.
-
Noë R. (1989). Coalition formation among male baboons. — PhD thesis, University of Utrecht, Utrecht.
-
Noë R. (1990). A veto game played by baboons: a challenge to the use of the Prisoner’s Dilemma as a paradigm for reciprocity and cooperation. — Anim. Behav. 39: 78-90.
-
Noë R. (1992). Alliance formation among male baboons: shopping for profitable partners. — In: Coalitions and alliances in humans and other animals ( Harcourt A.H., de Waal F.B.M., eds). Oxford University Press, Oxford, p. 233-257.
-
Noë R. (1994). A model of coalition formation among male baboons with fighting ability as the crucial parameter. — Anim. Behav. 47: 211-213.
-
Noë R., Sluijter A.A. (1990). Reproductive tactics of male savanna baboons. — Behaviour 113: 117-170.
-
Noë R., Sluijter A.A. (1995). Which adult male savanna baboons form coalitions. — Int. J. Primatol. 16: 77-105.
-
Noh S.J. (2002). Sequential distribution and stable alliances with endogenous sharing rule. — Eur. J. Politic. Econ. 18: 129-151.
-
Nummenmaa L., Glerean E., Viinikainen M., Jääskeläinen L.P., Hari R., Sams M. (2012). Emotions promote social interaction by synchronizing brain activity across individuals. — Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 109: 9599-9604.
-
Okasha S. (2009). Evolution and the levels of selection. — Oxford University Press, Oxford.
-
Olson M. (1965). Logic of collective action: public goods and the theory of groups. — Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
-
Ostner J., Kappeler P.M. (2004). Male life history and the unusual adult sex ratios of redfronted lemur, Eulemur fulvus rufus, groups. — Anim. Behav. 67: 249-259.
-
Pacheco J.M., Traulsen A., Nowak M.A. (2006). Active linking in evolutionary games. — J. Theor. Biol. 243: 437-443.
-
Pacheco J.M., Traulsen A., Ohtsuki J., Nowak M.A. (2008). Repeated games and direct reciprocity under active linking. — J. Theor. Biol. 250: 723-731.
-
Packer C. (1977). Recirpocal altruism in Papio anubis. — Nature 265: 441-443.
-
Packer C. (1979). Male dominance and reproductive activity in Papio anubis. — Anim. Behav. 27: 37-45.
-
Packer C., Pusey A.E. (1982). Cooperation and competition within coalitions of male lions: kin selection or game theory? — Nature 296: 740-742.
-
Packer C., Gilbert D.A., Pusey A.E., O’Brien S.J. (1991). A molecular genetic analysis of kinship and cooperation in African lions. — Nature 351: 562-565.
-
Pandit S.A., van Schaik C.P. (2003). A model of levelling coalitions among primate males: towards a theory of egalitarianism. — Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 55: 161-168.
-
Parker G.A. (1974). Assessment strategy and evolution of fighting behavior. — J. Theor. Biol. 47: 223-243.
-
Paukner A., Suomi S.J., Visalberghi E., Ferrari P.F. (2009). Capuchin monkeys display affiliation toward humans who imitate them. — Science 325: 880-883.
-
Paul A., Kuester J., Timme A., Arnemann J. (1993). The association between rank, mating effort, and reproductive success in male Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus). — Primates 34: 491-502.
-
Pemantle R., Skyrms B. (2004a). Network formation by reinforcement learning: the long and medium runs. — Math. Soc. Sci. 48: 315-327.
-
Pemantle R., Skyrms B. (2004b). Time to absorption in discounted reinforcement models. — Stoch. Proc. Appl. 109: 1-12.
-
Perry S. (1997). Male–female social relationships in wild white-faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus). — Behaviour 134: 477-510.
-
Perry S. (1998a). A case report of a male rank reversal in a group of wild white-faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus). — Primates 39: 51-70.
-
Perry S. (1998b). Male–male social relationships in wild white-faced capuchins, Cebus capucinus. — Behaviour 135: 139-172.
-
Perry S. (2012). The behavior of wild white-faced capuchins: demography, life history, social relationships, and communication. — Adv. Stud. Behav. 44: 135-181.
-
Perry S., Manson J.H. (2008). Manipulative monkeys: the capuchins of Lomas Barbudal. — Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
-
Perry S., Barrett H.C., Manson J.H. (2004). White-faced capuchin monkeys show triadic awareness in their choice of allies. — Anim. Behav. 67: 165-170.
-
Perry S., Manson J.H., Muniz L., Gros-Louis J., Vigilant L. (2008). Kin-biased social behaviour in wild adult female white-faced capuchins, Cebus capucinus. — Anim. Behav. 76: 187-199.
-
Petit O., Thierry B. (1994). Aggressive and peaceful interventions in conflicts in Tonkean macaques. — Anim. Behav. 48: 1427-1436.
-
Phillips-Silver J., Aktipis C.A., Bryant G.A. (2010). The ecology of entrainment: foundations of coordinated rhythmic movement. — Music Perception 28: 3-14.
-
Pope T.R. (1990). The reproductive consequences of male cooperation in the red howler monkey: paternity exclusion in multimale and single-male troops using genetic markers. — Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 27: 439-446.
-
Pusey A.E., Packer C. (1997). The ecology of relationships. — In: Behavioral ecology. An evolutionary approach ( Krebs J.R., Davies N.B., eds). Blackwell, Oxford, p. 254-283.
-
Ramirez-Llorens P., Di Bitetti M.S., Baldovino M.C., Janson C.H. (2008). Infanticide in black capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella nigritus) in Iguazu National Park, Argentina. — Am. J. Primatol. 70: 473-484.
-
Range F., Noë R. (2005). Can simple rules account for the pattern of triadic interactions in juvenile and adult female sooty mangabeys? — Anim. Behav. 69: 445-452.
-
Ray D. (2007). A game-theoretic perspective on coalition formation. — Oxford University Press, Oxford.
-
Riker W.H. (1962). The theory of political coalitions. — Yale University Press, New Haven, CT.
-
Riss D., Goodall J. (1977). Recent rise to alpha-rank in a population of free-living chimpanzees. — Folia Primatol. 27: 134-151.
-
Roeder J.J., Duval L., Gosset D. (2002). Aggressive and neutral interventions in conflicts in captive groups of brown lemurs (Eulemur fulvus fulvus). — Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 118: 253-258.
-
Romero T., Aureli F. (2008). Reciprocity of support in coatis (Nasua nasua). — J. Comp. Psychol. 122: 19-25.
-
Romero T., Castellanos M.A. (2010). Dominance relationships among male hamadryas baboons (Papio hamadryas). — J. Ethol. 28: 113-121.
-
Rood J.P. (1990). Group size, survival, reproduction, and routes to breeding in dwarf mongooses. — Anim. Behav. 39: 566-572.
-
Rowell T.E., Rowell C.A. (1993). The social organization of feral Ovis aries Ram groups in the pre-rut period. — Ethology 95: 213-232.
-
Rudolf von Rohr C., Koski S.E., Burkart J.M., Caws C., Fraser O.N., Ziltener A., van Schaik C.P. (2012). Impartial third-party interventions in captive chimpanzees: a reflection of community concern. — PLoS ONE 7: e32494.
-
Rusch H. (2014). The evolutionary interplay of intergroup conflict and altruism in humans: a review of parochial altruism theory and prospects for its extension. — Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B: Biol. Sci. 281: 20141539.
-
Rutte C., Taborsky M., Brinkhof M.W.G. (2006). What sets the odds of winning and losing? — Trends Ecol. Evol. 21: 16-21.
-
Sánchez-Pagés S. (2007). Endogenous coalition formation in contests. — Rev. Econ. Design 11: 139-163.
-
Santos F.C., Pacheco J.M., Lenaerts T. (2006). Cooperation prevails when individuals adjust their social ties. — PLOS Comp. Biol. 2: 1284-1291.
-
Scheiber I.B.R., Weiss B.M., Frigerio D., Kotrschal K. (2005). Active and passive social support in families of greylag geese (Anser anser). — Behaviour 142: 1535-1557.