The role of beasts in the Hebrew Bible’s wisdom literature differs from that in the Torah and Prophets. Rather than the often-plural and domesticated animals of the latter, wild animals represented in the singular and with greater diversity characterize the wisdom material. Wild animals in the Torah and Prophets typically signify potential danger outside the inhabited domain or divine wrath and punishment. In wisdom literature, however, they become sources for human guidance (Job 5:22). In Proverbs, they are enlisted to address a lack in human understanding. But in later wisdom texts, the use of animals to illustrate beneficial behaviors gives way to a more radical theme, that of human incomprehension of the world. The otherness of animal presence is deconstructive of wisdom and human knowledge more generally. In biblical wisdom, beastly, silent faces expose the limits of human comprehension.
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James Crenshaw, Old Testament Wisdom: An Introduction (Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 1998), pp. 17-18. Earlier scholarship tended to critique the wisdom material as worldly, practical philosophy with none of ancient Israel’s trademark features – covenant, providence, Sinai, patriarchal promises, credo – including its theological expression; see Walter Brueggemann, Theology of the Old Testament: Testimony, Dispute, Advocacy (Minneapolis: Fortress, 1997), p. 334. Gerhard von Rad, Brueggemann notes, was an important exception: Gerhard von Rad’s two-volume Old Testament Theology addressed wisdom literature in the fourth section of the first volume (Old Testament Theology: The Theology of Israel’s Historical Traditions [trans. D.M.G. Stalker; New York: Harper and Row, 1962], pp. 355-459) and in his last major work, Wisdom in Israel (Nashville: Abingdon, 1972).
John Barton, Revelation and Story: Narrative Theology and the Centrality of Story (Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2000), p. 60.
Emmanuel Levinas, Difficult Freedom: Essays on Judaism (trans. Seán Hand; Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997), p. 153.
See also Celia Deane-Drummond, Eco-Theology (Winona, MN: Anselm Academic, 2008); Ronald L. Sandler, Character and Environment: A Virtue-Oriented Approach to Environmental Ethics (New York: Columbia University Press, 2009); Sallie McFague, A New Climate for Theology: God, the World, and Global Warming (Minneapolis: Fortress, 2008); Rosemary Radford Ruether, Gaia and God: An Ecofeminist Theology of Earth Healing (New York: HarperOne, 1992).
Kevin J. Vanhoozer, Is There a Meaning in This Text? The Bible, The Reader, and the Morality of Literary Knowledge (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2009), p. 88.
Carol A. Newsom, The Book of Job: A Contest of Moral Imaginations (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003), p. 236.
Jacques Derrida, Writing and Difference (trans. Alan Bass; London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1978), p. 82.
Ryan Patrick McLaughlin, Christian Theology and the Status of Animals: The Dominant Tradition and Its Alternatives (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014), pp. 57-59.
E.O. Wilson, Biophilia (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1986), p. 1.
McLaughlin, Christian Theology and the Status of Animals, pp. 112-13.
E.O. Wilson, The Creation: An Appeal to Save Life on Earth (New York: W. Norton, 2007), p. 123.
See Henri de Lubac, The Mystery of the Supernatural (trans. Rosemary Sheed; New York: Herder and Herder, 1998), p. 173.
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The role of beasts in the Hebrew Bible’s wisdom literature differs from that in the Torah and Prophets. Rather than the often-plural and domesticated animals of the latter, wild animals represented in the singular and with greater diversity characterize the wisdom material. Wild animals in the Torah and Prophets typically signify potential danger outside the inhabited domain or divine wrath and punishment. In wisdom literature, however, they become sources for human guidance (Job 5:22). In Proverbs, they are enlisted to address a lack in human understanding. But in later wisdom texts, the use of animals to illustrate beneficial behaviors gives way to a more radical theme, that of human incomprehension of the world. The otherness of animal presence is deconstructive of wisdom and human knowledge more generally. In biblical wisdom, beastly, silent faces expose the limits of human comprehension.
All Time | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 348 | 71 | 6 |
Full Text Views | 74 | 12 | 3 |
PDF Views & Downloads | 120 | 24 | 2 |