Othmar Keel, The Symbolism of the Biblical World: Ancient Near Eastern Iconography and the Book of Psalms (trans. T. Hallett; New York: Seabury, 1978), p. 98.

 Othmar Keel, The Symbolism of the Biblical World: Ancient Near Eastern Iconography and the Book of Psalms (trans. T. Hallett; New York: Seabury, 1978), p. 98.)| false
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 Mayer I. Gruber, Rashi’s Commentary on the Psalms (Leiden: Brill, 2004); Rabbi David Kimhi, The Commentary of Rabbi David Kimhi on Psalms 120-150 (ed. Josua Baker and Ernest W. Nicholson; Cambridge: University of Cambridge, 1973), p. 35; Wilhelm Martin de Wette, Kommentar über die Psalmen (Breslau: Hermann Kelsch, 1885), pp. 589-90; Arnold A. Anderson, The Book of Psalms (London: Oliphant, 1972); James Mays, Psalms (Interpretation; Louisville: John Knox, 1994), p. 404; Loren Crow, The Songs of Ascents (Psalms 120-134): Their Place in Israelite History and Religion (SBLDS 148; Atlanta: Scholars, 1996), p. 79; Zenger, “Psalm 129,” pp. 412-14.

 Mayer I. Gruber, Rashi’s Commentary on the Psalms (Leiden: Brill, 2004); Rabbi David Kimhi, The Commentary of Rabbi David Kimhi on Psalms 120-150 (ed. Josua Baker and Ernest W. Nicholson; Cambridge: University of Cambridge, 1973), p. 35; Wilhelm Martin de Wette, Kommentar über die Psalmen (Breslau: Hermann Kelsch, 1885), pp. 589-90; Arnold A. Anderson, The Book of Psalms (London: Oliphant, 1972); James Mays, Psalms (Interpretation; Louisville: John Knox, 1994), p. 404; Loren Crow, The Songs of Ascents (Psalms 120-134): Their Place in Israelite History and Religion (SBLDS 148; Atlanta: Scholars, 1996), p. 79; Zenger, “Psalm 129,” pp. 412-14.)| false
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 Zenger, “Psalm 129,” p. 413.

 Zenger, “Psalm 129,” p. 413.)| false
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 Zenger, “Psalm 129,” p. 407, n. g.

 Zenger, “Psalm 129,” p. 407, n. g.)| false
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 Loren Crow, The Songs of Ascents, p. 79. See also Mays, Psalms, p. 404.

 Loren Crow, The Songs of Ascents, p. 79. See also Mays, Psalms, p. 404.)| false
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 Bernhard Duhm, Die Psalmen (Tübingen: J.C. B. Mohr, 1899), p. 277.

 Bernhard Duhm, Die Psalmen (Tübingen: J.C. B. Mohr, 1899), p. 277.)| false
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 Simon B. Parker (ed.), Ugaritic Narrative Poetry (trans. Mark S. Smith et al.; SBLWAW 9; Atlanta: Scholars, 1997), p. 150.

 Simon B. Parker (ed.), Ugaritic Narrative Poetry (trans. Mark S. Smith et al.; SBLWAW 9; Atlanta: Scholars, 1997), p. 150.)| false
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 Parker, Ugaritic Narrative Poetry, p. 151.

 Parker, Ugaritic Narrative Poetry, p. 151.)| false
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 Frank Crüsemann, Studien zur Formegeschichte von Hymnus und Danklied in Israel (WMANT 32; Neukirchen-Vluyn: Neukirchener Verlag, 1969), pp. 170-71.

 Frank Crüsemann, Studien zur Formegeschichte von Hymnus und Danklied in Israel (WMANT 32; Neukirchen-Vluyn: Neukirchener Verlag, 1969), pp. 170-71.)| false
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 Crüsemann, Studien zur Formegeschichte, p. 171.

 Crüsemann, Studien zur Formegeschichte, p. 171.)| false
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 Alan Cooper, “The Absurdity of Amos 6:12a,” JBL 107 (1988), pp. 725-27.

 Alan Cooper, “The Absurdity of Amos 6:12a,” JBL 107 (1988), pp. 725-27.)| false
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 Crow, The Songs of Ascents, p. 79.

 Crow, The Songs of Ascents, p. 79.)| false
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 John F. Healey, “Ancient Agriculture and the Old Testament (with special reference to Isaiah XXVIII 23-29),” Oudtestamentische Studien 23 (1984), pp. 108-119 (113-14).

 John F. Healey, “Ancient Agriculture and the Old Testament (with special reference to Isaiah XXVIII 23-29),” Oudtestamentische Studien 23 (1984), pp. 108-119 (113-14).)| false
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 Yitzhak Sefati, Love Songs in Sumerian Literature: Critical Edition of the Dumuzi-Inanna Songs (Bar-Ilan Studies in Near Eastern Languages and Culture; Ramat Gan: Bar-Ilan University Press, 1998), pp. 218-35 (225).

 Yitzhak Sefati, Love Songs in Sumerian Literature: Critical Edition of the Dumuzi-Inanna Songs (Bar-Ilan Studies in Near Eastern Languages and Culture; Ramat Gan: Bar-Ilan University Press, 1998), pp. 218-35 (225).)| false
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 Sefati, Love Songs in Sumerian Literature, pp. 194-205 (197-98).

 Sefati, Love Songs in Sumerian Literature, pp. 194-205 (197-98).)| false
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 Sefati, Love Songs in Sumerian Literature, pp. 91-92. See also Marvin Sweeney, “Metaphor and Rhetorical Strategy in Zephaniah,” in Timothy J. Sandoval and Carleen Mandolfo (eds.), Relating to the Text: Interdisciplinary and Form-Critical Insights on the Bible (New York: T & T Clark, 2003), p. 125.

 Sefati, Love Songs in Sumerian Literature, pp. 91-92. See also Marvin Sweeney, “Metaphor and Rhetorical Strategy in Zephaniah,” in Timothy J. Sandoval and Carleen Mandolfo (eds.), Relating to the Text: Interdisciplinary and Form-Critical Insights on the Bible (New York: T & T Clark, 2003), p. 125.)| false
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 Lambert, “Devotion: The Languages of Religion and Love,” p. 33.

 Lambert, “Devotion: The Languages of Religion and Love,” p. 33.)| false
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 Thorkild Jacobsen, The Harab Myth (Malibu: Undena, 1984), p. 7.

 Thorkild Jacobsen, The Harab Myth (Malibu: Undena, 1984), p. 7.)| false
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 See Leick, Sex and Eroticism in Mesopotamian Literature, pp. 21-29; Jerrold S. Cooper, “Enki’s Member: Eros and Irrigation in Sumerian Literature,” in Hermann Behrens, et al. (eds.), DUMU-E2-DUB-BA-A: Studies in Honor of Åke W. Sjöberg (Philadelphia: University Museum, 1989), pp. 87-89.

 See Leick, Sex and Eroticism in Mesopotamian Literature, pp. 21-29; Jerrold S. Cooper, “Enki’s Member: Eros and Irrigation in Sumerian Literature,” in Hermann Behrens, et al. (eds.), DUMU-E2-DUB-BA-A: Studies in Honor of Åke W. Sjöberg (Philadelphia: University Museum, 1989), pp. 87-89.)| false
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 Leick, Sex and Eroticism in Mesopotamian Literature, 50.

 Leick, Sex and Eroticism in Mesopotamian Literature, 50.)| false
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 Jerrold S. Cooper, ‘Enki’s Member: Eros and Irrigation in Sumerian Literature,’ 87-89; cf. Cooper, ‘Gendered Sexuality in Sumerian Love Poetry,’ in Sumerian Gods and Their Representations (Groningen, Netherlands: STYX Publications, 1997): 90.

 Jerrold S. Cooper, ‘Enki’s Member: Eros and Irrigation in Sumerian Literature,’ 87-89; cf. Cooper, ‘Gendered Sexuality in Sumerian Love Poetry,’ in Sumerian Gods and Their Representations (Groningen, Netherlands: STYX Publications, 1997): 90.)| false
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 Sweeney, “Metaphor and Rhetorical Strategy in Zephaniah,” p. 125. The translation “he will renew” (NRSV) follows the Greek καινιει.

 Sweeney, “Metaphor and Rhetorical Strategy in Zephaniah,” p. 125. The translation “he will renew” (NRSV) follows the Greek καινιει.)| false
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 Marucs Jastrow, A Dictionary of the Targumim, The Talmud Babli and Yerushalmi, and the Midrashic Literature (London: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1903), p. 507.

 Marucs Jastrow, A Dictionary of the Targumim, The Talmud Babli and Yerushalmi, and the Midrashic Literature (London: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1903), p. 507.)| false
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 See Zenger, “Psalm 129,” p. 413; and Healey, “Ancient Agriculture and the Old Testament,” p. 110. See also Ronald T. Hyman, “Two Fundamental Word-Pairs: Sow/Reap and Plow/Reap,” JBQ 31 (2003), pp. 237-44. Gustaf Dalman details this practice in Arbeit und Sitte in Palästina (8 vols.; Hildesheim: Georg Olms, 1964), vol. 2, p. 181.

 See Zenger, “Psalm 129,” p. 413; and Healey, “Ancient Agriculture and the Old Testament,” p. 110. See also Ronald T. Hyman, “Two Fundamental Word-Pairs: Sow/Reap and Plow/Reap,” JBQ 31 (2003), pp. 237-44. Gustaf Dalman details this practice in Arbeit und Sitte in Palästina (8 vols.; Hildesheim: Georg Olms, 1964), vol. 2, p. 181.)| false
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 Sandie Gravett, “Reading ‘Rape’ in the Hebrew Bible: A Consideration of Language,” JSOT 28 (2004), pp. 279-99.

 Sandie Gravett, “Reading ‘Rape’ in the Hebrew Bible: A Consideration of Language,” JSOT 28 (2004), pp. 279-99.)| false
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 Konrad Schaeffer, Psalms (Berit Olam; Collegeville: Liturgical, 2001), p. 309.

 Konrad Schaeffer, Psalms (Berit Olam; Collegeville: Liturgical, 2001), p. 309.)| false
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 Robert Alter, The Psalms (New York: W.W. Norton, 2007), p. 454 n. 7.

 Robert Alter, The Psalms (New York: W.W. Norton, 2007), p. 454 n. 7.)| false
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 Keel, Symbolism of the Biblical World, p. 99.

 Keel, Symbolism of the Biblical World, p. 99.)| false
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 See Brownmiller, Against Our Will, pp. 31-113; Stan Goff, Sex and War (Morrisville: Lulu, 2006); Alice A. Keefe, “Rapes of Women/Wars of Men,” Semeia 61 (1993), pp. 79-97; Susan Brooks Thistlethwaite, “‘You May Enjoy the Spoil of Your Enemies’: Rape as a Biblical Metaphor for War,” Semeia 61 (1993), pp. 59-75; Susan Niditch, “The ‘Sodomite’ Theme in Judges 19-20: Family, Community, and Social Disintegration,” CBQ 44 (1982), pp. 365-78; Harold C. Washington, “Violence and the Construction of Gender in the Hebrew Bible: A New Historicist Approach,” BibInt 5 (1997), pp. 324-63.

 See Brownmiller, Against Our Will, pp. 31-113; Stan Goff, Sex and War (Morrisville: Lulu, 2006); Alice A. Keefe, “Rapes of Women/Wars of Men,” Semeia 61 (1993), pp. 79-97; Susan Brooks Thistlethwaite, “‘You May Enjoy the Spoil of Your Enemies’: Rape as a Biblical Metaphor for War,” Semeia 61 (1993), pp. 59-75; Susan Niditch, “The ‘Sodomite’ Theme in Judges 19-20: Family, Community, and Social Disintegration,” CBQ 44 (1982), pp. 365-78; Harold C. Washington, “Violence and the Construction of Gender in the Hebrew Bible: A New Historicist Approach,” BibInt 5 (1997), pp. 324-63.)| false
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 Cynthia Chapman, The Gendered Language of Warfare in the Israelite-Assyrian Encounter (HSM 62; Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, 2004), p. 167.

 Cynthia Chapman, The Gendered Language of Warfare in the Israelite-Assyrian Encounter (HSM 62; Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, 2004), p. 167.)| false
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 Chapman, Gendered Language of Warfare, p. 160. Washington writes, “Gender becomes a crucial articulator of the experience of violence” (“Violence and the Construction of Gender in the Hebrew Bible,” p. 331). On the feminine voice in the Psalms, see Ulrike Bail, “‘O God, Hear My Prayer’: Psalm 55 and Violence Against Women” in Athalya Brenner and Carole Fontaine (eds.), Wisdom and the Psalms: A Feminist Companion to the Bible (Sheffield: Sheffield Academic, 1998), p. 242.

 Chapman, Gendered Language of Warfare, p. 160. Washington writes, “Gender becomes a crucial articulator of the experience of violence” (“Violence and the Construction of Gender in the Hebrew Bible,” p. 331). On the feminine voice in the Psalms, see Ulrike Bail, “‘O God, Hear My Prayer’: Psalm 55 and Violence Against Women” in Athalya Brenner and Carole Fontaine (eds.), Wisdom and the Psalms: A Feminist Companion to the Bible (Sheffield: Sheffield Academic, 1998), p. 242.)| false
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 Jacob L. Wright, “Warfare and Wanton Destruction: A Reexamination of Deuteronomy 20:19-20 in Relation to Ancient Siegecraft,” JBL 217 (2008), pp. 423-58.

 Jacob L. Wright, “Warfare and Wanton Destruction: A Reexamination of Deuteronomy 20:19-20 in Relation to Ancient Siegecraft,” JBL 217 (2008), pp. 423-58.)| false
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 Galpaz, “The Victory Stela of King Piye,” p. 406.

 Galpaz, “The Victory Stela of King Piye,” p. 406.)| false
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