See H. Fein, “Genocide and Gender,” pp. 43-63. Much has been written on this topic since Fein’s article was published, but given the limitations of space it is impossible to provide an exhaustive bibliography on gender and genocide. As a starting point, see E. von Joeden-Forgey, “Gender and Genocide,” in D. Bloxham and A.D. Moses (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Genocide Studies (New York: Oxford University Press, 2013), pp. 61-80. A. Jones (ed.), Gendercide and Genocide (Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press, 2004); F.T. Pilch, “Rape as Genocide,” in S. Totten (ed.), Plight and Fate of Women During and Following Genocide (New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 2009), pp. 169-82. For an excellent introduction to the argument that rape is an act of genocide in armed conflicts, see S.L. Russell-Brown, “Rape as an Act of Genocide,” Berkeley Journal of International Law 21 (2003), pp. 350-74.

 See H. Fein, “Genocide and Gender,” pp. 43-63. Much has been written on this topic since Fein’s article was published, but given the limitations of space it is impossible to provide an exhaustive bibliography on gender and genocide. As a starting point, see E. von Joeden-Forgey, “Gender and Genocide,” in D. Bloxham and A.D. Moses (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Genocide Studies (New York: Oxford University Press, 2013), pp. 61-80. A. Jones (ed.), Gendercide and Genocide (Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press, 2004); F.T. Pilch, “Rape as Genocide,” in S. Totten (ed.), Plight and Fate of Women During and Following Genocide (New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 2009), pp. 169-82. For an excellent introduction to the argument that rape is an act of genocide in armed conflicts, see S.L. Russell-Brown, “Rape as an Act of Genocide,” Berkeley Journal of International Law 21 (2003), pp. 350-74.)| false
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 See S. Niditch, “The Priestly Ideology of War in Numbers 31,” War in the Hebrew Bible: A Study of the Ethics of Violence (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), p. 86. An earlier version of this chapter appeared as “War, Women, and Defilement in Numbers 31,” Semeia 61 (1993), pp. 39-57. Other studies specifically focused on Numbers 31 include: K. Brown “Vengeance and Vindication in Numbers 31,” JBL 134 (2015), pp. 65-84; D.P. Wright, “Purification from Corpse-Contamination in Numbers XXXI 19-24, VT 35 (1985), pp. 213-23; C.T. Begg, “Josephus’ and Philo’s Retelling of Numbers 31 Compared,” ET 83 (2007), pp. 81-106.

 See S. Niditch, “The Priestly Ideology of War in Numbers 31,” War in the Hebrew Bible: A Study of the Ethics of Violence (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), p. 86. An earlier version of this chapter appeared as “War, Women, and Defilement in Numbers 31,” Semeia 61 (1993), pp. 39-57. Other studies specifically focused on Numbers 31 include: K. Brown “Vengeance and Vindication in Numbers 31,” JBL 134 (2015), pp. 65-84; D.P. Wright, “Purification from Corpse-Contamination in Numbers XXXI 19-24, VT 35 (1985), pp. 213-23; C.T. Begg, “Josephus’ and Philo’s Retelling of Numbers 31 Compared,” ET 83 (2007), pp. 81-106.)| false
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 Niditch, “The Priestly Ideology of War,” pp. 85-86. See also, S. Niditch, “‘The Traffic in Women’: Exchange, Ritual Sacrifice, and War,” in S.M. Olyan (ed.), Ritual Violence in the Hebrew Bible: New Perspectives (New York: Oxford University Press, 2015), pp. 115-24.

 Niditch, “The Priestly Ideology of War,” pp. 85-86. See also, S. Niditch, “‘The Traffic in Women’: Exchange, Ritual Sacrifice, and War,” in S.M. Olyan (ed.), Ritual Violence in the Hebrew Bible: New Perspectives (New York: Oxford University Press, 2015), pp. 115-24.)| false
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 See M.A. Sells, The Bridge Betrayed: Religion and Genocide in Bosnia (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998) and the literature cited there; pp. 21-24 discuss what the author labels as “Gynocide.” My discussion of the gender-specific nature of this genocide draws on B. Allen, Rape Warfare: The Hidden Genocide in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Croatia (Minneapolis; University of Minneapolis Press, 1996); E. Becirevic, Genocide on the Drina River (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2014); L.E. Boose, “Crossing the River Drina: Bosnian Rape Camps, Turkish Impalement and Serb Cultural Memory,” Signs 28 (2002), pp. 71-96; A. Stigalmeyer and M. Faber, Mass Rape: The War Against Women in Bosnia-Herzegovina (Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 1994). See also, R. Seifert, “The Second Front,” Women’s Studies International Forum 19 (1996), pp. 35-43.

 See M.A. Sells, The Bridge Betrayed: Religion and Genocide in Bosnia (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998) and the literature cited there; pp. 21-24 discuss what the author labels as “Gynocide.” My discussion of the gender-specific nature of this genocide draws on B. Allen, Rape Warfare: The Hidden Genocide in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Croatia (Minneapolis; University of Minneapolis Press, 1996); E. Becirevic, Genocide on the Drina River (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2014); L.E. Boose, “Crossing the River Drina: Bosnian Rape Camps, Turkish Impalement and Serb Cultural Memory,” Signs 28 (2002), pp. 71-96; A. Stigalmeyer and M. Faber, Mass Rape: The War Against Women in Bosnia-Herzegovina (Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 1994). See also, R. Seifert, “The Second Front,” Women’s Studies International Forum 19 (1996), pp. 35-43.)| false
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 Jones, “Gender and Genocide,” p. 114.

 Jones, “Gender and Genocide,” p. 114.)| false
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 I. Skjelsbaek, The Political Psychology of War Rape: Studies from Bosnia and Herzegovina (New York: Routledge, 2012); ch. 3 is entitled “Victim and Survivor: Narrated Social Identities of Women who Experienced Rape during the War.”

 I. Skjelsbaek, The Political Psychology of War Rape: Studies from Bosnia and Herzegovina (New York: Routledge, 2012); ch. 3 is entitled “Victim and Survivor: Narrated Social Identities of Women who Experienced Rape during the War.”)| false
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 See M. Eng, The Days of Our Years. A Lexical Semantic Study of the Life Cycle in Biblical Israel (New York: T & T Clark, 2011), pp. 89-94. According to Eng, the term can refer to more than simply young children. However, the context in Numbers 31 makes clear that the text refers to virginal female children. Milgrom (Numbers, p. 259) acknowledges that טף typically means “children” but he argues that in Num. 31:18 it “also includes girls past puberty. See especially 14:31, where it refers to everyone up to twenty years of age (14:29).”

 See M. Eng, The Days of Our Years. A Lexical Semantic Study of the Life Cycle in Biblical Israel (New York: T & T Clark, 2011), pp. 89-94. According to Eng, the term can refer to more than simply young children. However, the context in Numbers 31 makes clear that the text refers to virginal female children. Milgrom (Numbers, p. 259) acknowledges that טף typically means “children” but he argues that in Num. 31:18 it “also includes girls past puberty. See especially 14:31, where it refers to everyone up to twenty years of age (14:29).”)| false
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 BDB, p. 394.

 N. Steinberg, The World of the Child in the Hebrew Bible (Sheffield: Phoenix Sheffield, 2012), pp. 27-31.

 N. Steinberg, The World of the Child in the Hebrew Bible (Sheffield: Phoenix Sheffield, 2012), pp. 27-31.)| false
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 A. Bach, “Rereading the Body Politic: Women and Violence in Judges 21,” BibInt 6 (1998), pp. 1-19; reprinted in A. Brenner (ed.), Judges. A Feminist Companion to the Bible (Second Series, 4; Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Pres, 1999), pp. 143-59.

 A. Bach, “Rereading the Body Politic: Women and Violence in Judges 21,” BibInt 6 (1998), pp. 1-19; reprinted in A. Brenner (ed.), Judges. A Feminist Companion to the Bible (Second Series, 4; Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Pres, 1999), pp. 143-59.)| false
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 A. Bach, “Rereading the Body Politic: Women and Violence in Judges 21,” BibInt 6 (1998), pp. 1-19; reprinted in A. Brenner (ed.), Judges. A Feminist Companion to the Bible (Second Series, 4; Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Pres, 1999), pp. 143-59.

 A. Bach, “Rereading the Body Politic: Women and Violence in Judges 21,” BibInt 6 (1998), pp. 1-19; reprinted in A. Brenner (ed.), Judges. A Feminist Companion to the Bible (Second Series, 4; Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Pres, 1999), pp. 143-59.)| false
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 Niditch, “War, Women, and Defilement,” pp. 50-51.

 Niditch, “War, Women, and Defilement,” pp. 50-51.)| false
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 R. Firestone, Journeys in the Holy Lands: The Evolution of the Abraham-Ishmael Legends in Islamic Expression (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1990).

 R. Firestone, Journeys in the Holy Lands: The Evolution of the Abraham-Ishmael Legends in Islamic Expression (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1990).)| false
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 D.S. Williams, Sisters in the Wilderness: The Challenge of Womanist God-Talk (Maryknoll, NY: Orbis, 1993), 15-34 et passim.

 D.S. Williams, Sisters in the Wilderness: The Challenge of Womanist God-Talk (Maryknoll, NY: Orbis, 1993), 15-34 et passim.)| false
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 See H.L. Griffin, Their Own Receive Them Not: African American Lesbians and Gays in Black Churches (Cleveland: Pilgrim, 2006).

 See H.L. Griffin, Their Own Receive Them Not: African American Lesbians and Gays in Black Churches (Cleveland: Pilgrim, 2006).)| false
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 E. Ergün, Dismantling Virginity: Social, Medical, and Legal Control of Female Sexuality in Turkey (Köln: LAP LAMBERT Academic, 2010), p. 9.

 E. Ergün, Dismantling Virginity: Social, Medical, and Legal Control of Female Sexuality in Turkey (Köln: LAP LAMBERT Academic, 2010), p. 9.)| false
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