Evidence-informed practice is currently lacking in canine hydrotherapy. This study aimed to investigate if the estimated workload of the gluteus medius (GM) and longissimus dorsi (LD) increased in dogs at different water depths when walking on a water treadmill. Seven dogs were walked for 2 min continuously on a water treadmill at depths of no submersion (depth 1), mid-tarsal (depth 2), between lateral malleolus and lateral epicondyle (depth 3) and between the lateral epicondyle and greater trochanter (depth 4). Continuous electromyographic data from the right and left sides of GM and LD were collected simultaneously during exercise. Friedman’s analyses with post-hoc Wilcoxon tests established if significant differences in GM and LD muscle activity occurred between the water depths for mean estimated-workload. Significant differences occurred in estimated-workload in GM and LD between water depths (P<0.05). Mean estimated-workload decreased in the right and left GM between depths 2 (mid-tarsal) and 3 (between lateral malleolus and epicondyle) (P<0.007) and depths 2 and 4 (between lateral epicondyle and greater trochanter) (P<0.001), a pattern which was repeated for left and right LD (P<0.007). Right GM mean estimated-workload increased between depth 1 (no submersion) and depth 2 only (P<0.013). Water depth influences GM and LD activity in dogs walking on a water treadmill. Increasing knowledge of canine locomotion in water treadmills could be used to inform individualised rehabilitation regimes for dogs undertaking hydrotherapy.
Purchase
Buy instant access (PDF download and unlimited online access):
Institutional Login
Log in with Open Athens, Shibboleth, or your institutional credentials
Personal login
Log in with your brill.com account
Agostini, V., Ganio, D., Facchin, K., Cane, L., Carneiro, S.M. and Knaflitz, M., 2014. Gait parameters and muscle activation patterns at 3, 6 and 12 months after total hip arthroplasty. Journal of Arthroplasty 29: 1265-1272.
'Gait parameters and muscle activation patterns at 3, 6 and 12 months after total hip arthroplasty ' () 29 Journal of Arthroplasty : 1265 -1272.
Alvarez, C.G., Rhodin, M., Bobbert, M.F., Meyer, H., Weishaupt, M.A., Johnston, C. and Weeren, P., 2006. The effect of head and neck position on the thoracolumbar kinematics in the unridden horse. Equine Veterinary Journal 38 Suppl. 36: 445-451.
'The effect of head and neck position on the thoracolumbar kinematics in the unridden horse ' () 38 Equine Veterinary Journal : 445 -451.
Barnicoat, F. and Wills, A.P., 2016. Effect of water depth on limb kinematics of the domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris) during underwater treadmill exercise. Comparative Exercise Physiology 12: 199-207.
'Effect of water depth on limb kinematics of the domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris) during underwater treadmill exercise ' () 12 Comparative Exercise Physiology : 199 -207.
Borghuis, J., Hof, A.L. and Lemmink, A.P.M., 2008. The importance of sensory-motor control in providing core stability. Implication for measurement and training. Sports Medicine 38: 893-916.
'The importance of sensory-motor control in providing core stability ' () 38 Sports Medicine : 893 -916.
Breitfuss, K., Franz, M., Peham, C. and Bockstahler, B., 2015. Surface electromyography of the vastus lateralis, bicep femoris, and gluteus medius in sounds dogs during walking and specific physiotherapeutic exercises. Veterinary Surgery 44: 588-595.
'Surface electromyography of the vastus lateralis, bicep femoris, and gluteus medius in sounds dogs during walking and specific physiotherapeutic exercises ' () 44 Veterinary Surgery : 588 -595.
Brown, S., Stubbs, N.C., Kaiser, L.J., Lavagnino, M. and Clayton, H.M., 2015. Swing phase kinematics of horses trotting over poles. Equine Veterinary Journal 47: 107-112.
'Swing phase kinematics of horses trotting over poles ' () 47 Equine Veterinary Journal : 107 -112.
Chowdhury, R.H., Reaz, M.B., Ali, M.A.B.M., Bakar, A.A., Chellappan, K. and Chang, T.G., 2013. Surface electromyography signal processing and classification techniques. Sensors 13: 12431-12466.
'Surface electromyography signal processing and classification techniques ' () 13 Sensors : 12431 -12466.
Davies, L., 2011. Provision of canine hydrotherapy in the UK. Veterinary Record 168: 465-466.
'Provision of canine hydrotherapy in the UK ' () 168 Veterinary Record : 465 -466.
De Luca, C.J., 1997. The use of surface electromyography in biomechanics. Journal of Applied Biomechanics 13: 135-163.
'The use of surface electromyography in biomechanics ' () 13 Journal of Applied Biomechanics : 135 -163.
De Luca, C.J., Gilmore, L.D., Kuznetsov, M. and Roy, S.H., 2010. Filtering the surface EMG signal: movement artefact and baseline noise contamination. Journal of Biomechanics 43: 1573-1579.
'Filtering the surface EMG signal: movement artefact and baseline noise contamination ' () 43 Journal of Biomechanics : 1573 -1579.
Deban, S.M., Schilling, N. and Carrier, D.R., 2012. Activity of extrinsic limb muscles in dogs at walk, trot and gallop. Journal of Experimental Biology 215: 287-300.
'Activity of extrinsic limb muscles in dogs at walk, trot and gallop ' () 215 Journal of Experimental Biology : 287 -300.
Delsys, 2017. Delsys Trigno manual. Available at: https://tinyurl.com/y7jffg8j.
Faber, M, Schamhardt, H., Weeren, R.V., Johnston, C., Roepstorff, L. and Barneveld, A.B., 2000. Basic three-dimensional kinematics of the vertebral column of horses walking on a treadmill. American Journal of Veterinary Research 61: 399-406.
'Basic three-dimensional kinematics of the vertebral column of horses walking on a treadmill ' () 61 American Journal of Veterinary Research : 399 -406.
Fanchon, L. and Grandjean, D., 2009. Habituation of healthy dogs to treadmill trotting: repeatability assessment of vertical ground reaction force. Research in Veterinary Science 87: 135-139.
'Habituation of healthy dogs to treadmill trotting: repeatability assessment of vertical ground reaction force ' () 87 Research in Veterinary Science : 135 -139.
Fridlund, A.J. and Cacioppo, J.T., 1986. Guidelines for human electromyographic research. Psychophysiology 23: 567-589.
'Guidelines for human electromyographic research ' () 23 Psychophysiology : 567 -589.
Garcia, T.C., Sturges, B.K., Stover, S.M., Aoki, K., Liang, J.M., Reinhardt, K.B. and Kapatkin, A.S., 2014. Forelimb brachial muscle activation patterns using surface electromyography and their relationship to kinematics in normal dogs walking and trotting. Comparative Exercise Physiology 10: 13-22.
'Forelimb brachial muscle activation patterns using surface electromyography and their relationship to kinematics in normal dogs walking and trotting ' () 10 Comparative Exercise Physiology : 13 -22.
Goddard, M.A., Burlingame, E., Beggs, A.H., Buj-Bello, A., Childers, M.K., Marsh, A.P. and Kelly, V.E., 2014. Gait characteristics in a canine model of x-linked myotubular myopathy. Journal of Neurological Sciences 346: 221-226.
'Gait characteristics in a canine model of x-linked myotubular myopathy ' () 346 Journal of Neurological Sciences : 221 -226.
Gommans, L.N., Smid, A.T., Scheltinga, M.R., Brooijmans, F.A., Van Disseldorp, E.M., Van der Linden, F.T., Meijer, K. and Teijink, J.A., 2016. Altered joint kinematics and increased electromyographic muscle activity during walking in patients with intermittent claudication. Journal of Vascular Surgery 6: 664-672.
'Altered joint kinematics and increased electromyographic muscle activity during walking in patients with intermittent claudication ' () 6 Journal of Vascular Surgery : 664 -672.
Groesel, M., Zsoldos, R.R., Kotschwar, A., Gfoehler, M. and Peham, C., 2010. A preliminary model study of the equine back including activity of longissimus dorsi muscle. Equine Veterinary Journal 42 Suppl. 38: 401-406.
'A preliminary model study of the equine back including activity of longissimus dorsi muscle ' () 42 Equine Veterinary Journal : 401 -406.
Halaki, M. and Ginn, K., 2012. Normalization of EMG signals: to normalize or not to normalize and what to normalize to? In: Naik, G.R. (ed.) Computational intelligence in electromyography analysis-a perspective on current applications and future challenges. Intech, Rijeka, Croatia.
'Normalization of EMG signals: to normalize or not to normalize and what to normalize to? ', in Computational intelligence in electromyography analysis-a perspective on current applications and future challenges , ().
Hesse, K.L. and Verheyen, K.L.P., 2010. Associations between physiotherapy findings and subsequent diagnosis of pelvic or hind limb fracture in racing Thoroughbreds. Equine Veterinary Journal 42: 234-239.
'Associations between physiotherapy findings and subsequent diagnosis of pelvic or hind limb fracture in racing Thoroughbreds ' () 42 Equine Veterinary Journal : 234 -239.
Holler, P.J., Brazda, V., Dal-Bianco, B., Lewy, E., Mueller, M.C., Peham, C. and Bockstahler, B.A., 2010. Kinematic motion analysis of the joints of the forelimbs and hind limbs of dogs during walking exercise regimens. American Journal of Veterinary Research 71: 734-740.
'Kinematic motion analysis of the joints of the forelimbs and hind limbs of dogs during walking exercise regimens ' () 71 American Journal of Veterinary Research : 734 -740.
Jackson, A., Millis, D., Stevens, M. and Barnett, S., 2002. Joint kinematics during underwater treadmill activity. In: Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on Rehabilitation and Physical Therapy in Veterinary Medicine. University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA.
Joint kinematics during underwater treadmill activity
Kaneda, K., Wakabayashi, H., Sato, D. and Nomura, T., 2007. Lower extremity muscle activity during different types and speeds of underwater movement. Journal of Physiological Anthropology 26: 197-200.
'Lower extremity muscle activity during different types and speeds of underwater movement ' () 26 Journal of Physiological Anthropology : 197 -200.
King, M.R., 2016. Principles and application of hydrotherapy for equine athletes. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice 32: 115-126.
'Principles and application of hydrotherapy for equine athletes ' () 32 Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice : 115 -126.
King, M.R., Haussler, K.K., Kawcak, C.E., Mcllwraith, C.W. and Reiser, R.F., 2013. Mechanisms of aquatic therapy and its potential use in managing equine osteoarthritis. Equine Veterinary Education 25: 204-209.
'Mechanisms of aquatic therapy and its potential use in managing equine osteoarthritis ' () 25 Equine Veterinary Education : 204 -209.
Kirkby, K.A. and Lewis, D.D., 2012. Canine Hip Dysplasia: reviewing the evidence for nonsurgical management. Veterinary Surgery 41: 2-9.
'Canine Hip Dysplasia: reviewing the evidence for nonsurgical management ' () 41 Veterinary Surgery : 2 -9.
Licka, T.F., Peham, C. and Frey, A., 2004. Electromyographic activity of the longissimus dorsi muscles in horses during trotting on a treadmill. American Journal of Veterinary Research 65: 155-158.
'Electromyographic activity of the longissimus dorsi muscles in horses during trotting on a treadmill ' () 65 American Journal of Veterinary Research : 155 -158.
Lopez-Rivero, L. and Letelier, A., 2000. Skeletal muscle profile of show jumpers: physiological and pathological considerations. In: Linder, A. (ed.) Conference on equine sports medicine and science. May 14-16, 2000. CESMAS, Sicily, Italy, pp. 57-75.
Skeletal muscle profile of show jumpers: physiological and pathological considerations 57 75
Marsolais, G.S., Dvorak, G. and Conzemius, M.G., 2002. Effects of postoperative rehabilitation on limb function after cranial cruciate ligament repair in dogs. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 220: 1325-1330.
'Effects of postoperative rehabilitation on limb function after cranial cruciate ligament repair in dogs ' () 220 Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association : 1325 -1330.
Marsolais, G.S., McLean, S., Derrick, T. and Conzemius, M.G., 2003. Kinematic analysis of the hind limb during swimming and walking in healthy dogs and dogs with surgically corrected cranial cruciate ligament rupture. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 222: 739-743.
'Kinematic analysis of the hind limb during swimming and walking in healthy dogs and dogs with surgically corrected cranial cruciate ligament rupture ' () 222 Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association : 739 -743.
McGonagle, L. and Taylor, R.A., 2004. History of canine rehabilitation. In: Millis, D. and Levine, D. (eds.) Canine rehabilitation and physical therapy. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA, USA, pp. 1-4.
'History of canine rehabilitation ', in Canine rehabilitation and physical therapy , () 1 -4.
McGowan, C.M., Golland, L.C., Evans, D.L., Hodgson, D.R. and Rose, R.J., 2002. Effects of prolonged training, overtraining and detraining on skeletal muscle metabolites and enzymes. Equine Veterinary Journal 34 Suppl. 34: 257-263.
'Effects of prolonged training, overtraining and detraining on skeletal muscle metabolites and enzymes ' () 34 Equine Veterinary Journal : 257 -263.
Mendez-Angulo, J.L., Fishman, A.M., Groschen, D.M., Kieffer, P.J. and Trumble, T.N., 2013. Effect of water depth on amount of flexion and extension of joints of the distal aspects of the limbs in healthy horses walking. American Journal of Veterinary Research 74: 557-566.
'Effect of water depth on amount of flexion and extension of joints of the distal aspects of the limbs in healthy horses walking ' () 74 American Journal of Veterinary Research : 557 -566.
Monk, M.L., Preston, C.A. and McGowan, C.M., 2006. Effects of early intensive postoperative physiotherapy on limb function after tibial plateau leveling osteotomy in dogs with deficiency of the cranial cruciate ligament. American Journal of Veterinary Research 67: 1-8.
'Effects of early intensive postoperative physiotherapy on limb function after tibial plateau leveling osteotomy in dogs with deficiency of the cranial cruciate ligament ' () 67 American Journal of Veterinary Research : 1 -8.
Mooij, M.J.W., Jans, W., Den Heijer, G.J.L., De Pater, M. and Back, W., 2013. Biomechanical responses of the back of riding horses to water treadmill exercise. Veterinary Journal 198: e120-e123.
'Biomechanical responses of the back of riding horses to water treadmill exercise ' () 198 Veterinary Journal : e120 -e123.
Morris, R.G. and Lawson, S.E.M., 2010. A review and evaluation of available gait analysis technologies, and their potential for the measurement of impact transmission. MSc Thesis; Newcastle University.
Musienko, P.E., Deliagina, T.G., Gerasimenko, Y.P., Orlovsky, G.N. and Zelenin, P.V., 2014. Limb and trunk mechanisms for balance control during locomotion in quadrapedals. Journal of Neuroscience 34: 5704-5716.
'Limb and trunk mechanisms for balance control during locomotion in quadrapedals ' () 34 Journal of Neuroscience : 5704 -5716.
Nankervis, K.J., Finney, P. and Launder, L., 2015. Water depth modifies back kinematics of horses during water treadmill exercise. Equine Veterinary Journal 48: 732-736.
'Water depth modifies back kinematics of horses during water treadmill exercise ' () 48 Equine Veterinary Journal : 732 -736.
Nankervis, K.J., Launder, E.J. and Murray, R.C., 2017. The use of treadmills within the rehabilitation of horses. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 53: 108-115.
'The use of treadmills within the rehabilitation of horses ' () 53 Journal of Equine Veterinary Science : 108 -115.
Nordander, C., Willner, J., Hansson, G.A., Larsson, B., Unge, J., Granquist, L. and Skerving, S., 2003. Influence of the subcutaneous fat layer, as measured by ultrasound, skinfold calipers and BMI, on the EMG amplitude. European Journal of Applied Physiology 89: 514-519.
'Influence of the subcutaneous fat layer, as measured by ultrasound, skinfold calipers and BMI, on the EMG amplitude ' () 89 European Journal of Applied Physiology : 514 -519.
Payne, R.C., Hutchinson, J.R., Robilliard, J.J., Smith, N.C. and Wilson, A.M., 2005. Functional specialisation of hind limb anatomy in horses (Equus caballus). Journal of Anatomy 206: 557-574.
'Functional specialisation of hind limb anatomy in horses (Equus caballus) ' () 206 Journal of Anatomy : 557 -574.
Rhodin, M., Alvarez, C.B., Bystrom, A., Johnston, C., Weeren, P.R., Roepstorff, L. and Weishaupt, M.A., 2009. The effect of different head and neck positions on the caudal back and hind limb kinematics in the elite dressage horse at trot. Equine Veterinary Journal 41: 274-279.
'The effect of different head and neck positions on the caudal back and hind limb kinematics in the elite dressage horse at trot ' () 41 Equine Veterinary Journal : 274 -279.
Rhodin, M., Johnston, C., Holm, K.R., Wennerstrand, J. and Drevemo, S., 2005. The influence of head and neck position on kinematics of the back in riding horses at the walk and trot. Equine Veterinary Journal 37: 7-11.
'The influence of head and neck position on kinematics of the back in riding horses at the walk and trot ' () 37 Equine Veterinary Journal : 7 -11.
Richards, J., Thewlis, D. and Selfe, J., 2008. Measurement of muscle function and physiological cost. In: Richards, J. (ed.) Biomechanics in clinic and research. Elsevier, Philadelphia, PA, USA, pp. 129-151.
'Measurement of muscle function and physiological cost ', in Biomechanics in clinic and research , () 129 -151.
Ritter, D.A., Nassar, P.N., Fife, M. and Carrier, D.R., 2001. Epaxial muscle function in trotting dogs. Journal of Experimental Biology 204: 3053-3064.
'Epaxial muscle function in trotting dogs ' () 204 Journal of Experimental Biology : 3053 -3064.
Robert, C., Audigie, F., Valette, J.P., Pourcelot, P. and Denoix, J.M., 2001. Effects of treadmill speed on the mechanics of the back in the trotting saddlehorse. Equine Veterinary Journal 33: 154-159.
'Effects of treadmill speed on the mechanics of the back in the trotting saddlehorse ' () 33 Equine Veterinary Journal : 154 -159.
Robert, C., Valette, J.P., Pourcelot, P., Audigie, F. and Denoix, J.M., 2002. Effects of trotting speed on muscle activity and kinematics in saddlehorses. Equine Veterinary Journal 34(S34): 295-301.
'Effects of trotting speed on muscle activity and kinematics in saddlehorses ' () 34 Equine Veterinary Journal : 295 -301.
Schilling, N. and Carrier, D.R., 2010. Function of the epaxial muscles in walking, trotting and galloping dogs: implications for the evolution of epaxial muscle function in tetrapods. Journal of Experimental Biology 213: 1490-1502.
'Function of the epaxial muscles in walking, trotting and galloping dogs: implications for the evolution of epaxial muscle function in tetrapods ' () 213 Journal of Experimental Biology : 1490 -1502.
Scott, R., Nankervis, K., Stringer, C., Westcott, K. and Marlin, D., 2010. The effect of water height on stride frequency, stride length and heart rate during water treadmill exercise. Equine Veterinary Journal 42 Suppl. 38: 662-664.
'The effect of water height on stride frequency, stride length and heart rate during water treadmill exercise ' () 42 Equine Veterinary Journal : 662 -664.
St George, L. and Williams, J.M., 2013. Electromyographic evaluation of approach stride, jump stride and intermediate stride in selected superficial muscles of the jumping horse: a preliminary study. Comparative Exercise Physiology 9: 23-32.
'Electromyographic evaluation of approach stride, jump stride and intermediate stride in selected superficial muscles of the jumping horse: a preliminary study ' () 9 Comparative Exercise Physiology : 23 -32.
Tomlinson, R., 2012. Use of canine hydrotherapy as part of a rehabilitation programme. Veterinary Nurse 3: 624-629.
'Use of canine hydrotherapy as part of a rehabilitation programme ' () 3 Veterinary Nurse : 624 -629.
Valentin, S. and Zsoldos, R.R., 2016. Surface electromyography in animal biomechanics: a systematic review. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology 28: 167-183.
'Surface electromyography in animal biomechanics: a systematic review ' () 28 Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology : 167 -183.
Waining, M., Young, I.S. and Williams, S.B., 2011. Evaluation of the status of canine hydrotherapy in the UK. Veterinary Record 168: 407-412.
'Evaluation of the status of canine hydrotherapy in the UK ' () 168 Veterinary Record : 407 -412.
Webster, E.L., Hudson, P.E. and Channon, S.B., 2014. Comparative functional anatomy of the epaxial musculature of dogs (Canis familiaris) bred for sprinting vs. fighting. Journal of Anatomy 225(3): 317-327.
'Comparative functional anatomy of the epaxial musculature of dogs (Canis familiaris) bred for sprinting vs ' () 225 Journal of Anatomy : 317 -327.
Wentink, G.H., 1976. The action of the hind limb musculature of the dog in walking. Cells Tissues Organs 96: 70-80.
'The action of the hind limb musculature of the dog in walking ' () 96 Cells Tissues Organs : 70 -80.
Wijnberg, I.D., van der Kolk, J.H., Franssen, H. and Breukink, H.J., 2003. Needle electromyography in the horse compared with its principles in man: a review. Equine Veterinary Journal 35: 9-17.
'Needle electromyography in the horse compared with its principles in man: a review ' () 35 Equine Veterinary Journal : 9 -17.
Williams, J.M., 2017. Electromyography in the horse: a useful technology? Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 60: 43-58.
'Electromyography in the horse: a useful technology? ' () 60 Journal of Equine Veterinary Science : 43 -58.
Williams, J.M., Gundry, P., Richards, J. and Protheroe, L., 2012. A preliminary evaluation of surface electromyography as a tool to measure muscle fatigue in the national hunt racehorse. Veterinary Nurse 4: 566-572.
'A preliminary evaluation of surface electromyography as a tool to measure muscle fatigue in the national hunt racehorse ' () 4 Veterinary Nurse : 566 -572.
Williams, S.B., Wilson, A.M., Rhodes, L., Andrews, J. and Payne, R.C., 2008. Functional anatomy and muscle moment arms of the hind limb of an elite sprinting athlete: the racing greyhound (Canis familiaris). Journal of Anatomy 213: 361-372.
'Functional anatomy and muscle moment arms of the hind limb of an elite sprinting athlete: the racing greyhound (Canis familiaris) ' () 213 Journal of Anatomy : 361 -372.
Winter, D.A., 2009. Biomechanics and motor control of human movement, 4th ed. John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NJ, USA, pp. 224-277.
'Biomechanics and motor control of human movement, 4th ed ', in John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NJ, USA , () 224 -277.
Zsoldos, R., Kotschwar, A., Kotschwar, A.B., Rodriguez, C., Peham, C. and Licka, T. 2010. Activity of the equine rectus abdominus and oblique external abdominal muscles measured by surface EMG during walk and trot on the treadmill. Equine Veterinary Journal 42 Suppl. 38: 523-529.
'Activity of the equine rectus abdominus and oblique external abdominal muscles measured by surface EMG during walk and trot on the treadmill ' () 42 Equine Veterinary Journal : 523 -529.
All Time | Past 365 days | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 554 | 379 | 127 |
Full Text Views | 119 | 75 | 41 |
PDF Views & Downloads | 265 | 175 | 92 |
Evidence-informed practice is currently lacking in canine hydrotherapy. This study aimed to investigate if the estimated workload of the gluteus medius (GM) and longissimus dorsi (LD) increased in dogs at different water depths when walking on a water treadmill. Seven dogs were walked for 2 min continuously on a water treadmill at depths of no submersion (depth 1), mid-tarsal (depth 2), between lateral malleolus and lateral epicondyle (depth 3) and between the lateral epicondyle and greater trochanter (depth 4). Continuous electromyographic data from the right and left sides of GM and LD were collected simultaneously during exercise. Friedman’s analyses with post-hoc Wilcoxon tests established if significant differences in GM and LD muscle activity occurred between the water depths for mean estimated-workload. Significant differences occurred in estimated-workload in GM and LD between water depths (P<0.05). Mean estimated-workload decreased in the right and left GM between depths 2 (mid-tarsal) and 3 (between lateral malleolus and epicondyle) (P<0.007) and depths 2 and 4 (between lateral epicondyle and greater trochanter) (P<0.001), a pattern which was repeated for left and right LD (P<0.007). Right GM mean estimated-workload increased between depth 1 (no submersion) and depth 2 only (P<0.013). Water depth influences GM and LD activity in dogs walking on a water treadmill. Increasing knowledge of canine locomotion in water treadmills could be used to inform individualised rehabilitation regimes for dogs undertaking hydrotherapy.
All Time | Past 365 days | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 554 | 379 | 127 |
Full Text Views | 119 | 75 | 41 |
PDF Views & Downloads | 265 | 175 | 92 |