Neuromuscular function is one of the important factors affecting athletic performance. Previous studies have shown that fish oil supplementation can improve performance. This study investigated the effect of fish oil on neuromuscular performance after exhausting exercise. Eighteen healthy men (mean ± standard deviation; age 26.9±2.6 years; weight 78.33±10.42 kg; height 175.8±4.9 cm; body fat percentage 18.40±5.46%) voluntarily participated and were randomly assigned to fish and corn oil groups in a double blind manner. Participants received 6 g/day of oil for 4 weeks, while maintaining baseline diet and training status during the study. Changes in maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) of the tibialis anterior muscle, neuromuscular propagation of tibialis anterior muscle (M-wave), corticospinal excitability (MEP: motor evoked potential), and the rate of perceived exertion (RPE) were evaluated before and after supplementation in response to a modified Bruce exhausting protocol. Group differences in changes in each variable following supplementation were assessed by two-way analysis of variances (ANOVA). Compared to corn oil, fish oil demonstrated less perceived exertion at the end of exhaustive exercise (F=9.72, P=0.001) after supplementation, and normalised MEP to M-wave showed a trend (F=3.83, P=0.071). However, M-wave peak to peak amplitudes changes were not significant between the groups (P>0.05). In addition, significant differences were observed between baseline MVC values of the group following supplementation. Thus, it seems that fish oil can improve corticospinal excitability, thereby improving neuromuscular function in exhausting activities. Therefore, fish oil supplementation may be recommended to increase performance in activities otherwise limited. However, the mechanism underlying this effect remains to be elucidated.
Purchase
Buy instant access (PDF download and unlimited online access):
Institutional Login
Log in with Open Athens, Shibboleth, or your institutional credentials
Personal login
Log in with your brill.com account
Abbiss, C.R., Peiffer, J.J., Meeusen, R. and Skorski, S., 2015. Role of ratings of perceived exertion during self-paced exercise: what are we actually measuring? Sports Medicine 45: 1235-1243.
'Role of ratings of perceived exertion during self-paced exercise: what are we actually measuring? ' () 45 Sports Medicine : 1235 -1243.
Allen, D.G., Lamb, G.D. and Westerblad, H., 2008. Skeletal muscle fatigue: cellular mechanisms. Physiological Reviews 88: 287-332.
'Skeletal muscle fatigue: cellular mechanisms ' () 88 Physiological Reviews : 287 -332.
Ament, W. and Verkerke, G.J., 2009. Exercise and fatigue. Sports Medicine 39: 389-422.
'Exercise and fatigue ' () 39 Sports Medicine : 389 -422.
Baker, A., Kostov, K., Miller, R.G. and Weiner, M., 1993. Slow force recovery after long-duration exercise: metabolic and activation factors in muscle fatigue. Journal of Applied Physiology 74: 2294-2300.
'Slow force recovery after long-duration exercise: metabolic and activation factors in muscle fatigue ' () 74 Journal of Applied Physiology : 2294 -2300.
Bigland-Ritchie, B., Cafarelli, E. and Vollestad, N., 1986. Fatigue of submaximal static contractions. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 556: 137-148.
'Fatigue of submaximal static contractions ' () 556 Acta Physiologica Scandinavica : 137 -148.
Bigland-Ritchie, B., Kukulka, C., Lippold, O. and Woods, J., 1982. The absence of neuromuscular transmission failure in sustained maximal voluntary contractions. Journal of Physiology 330: 265-278.
'The absence of neuromuscular transmission failure in sustained maximal voluntary contractions ' () 330 Journal of Physiology : 265 -278.
Bigland-Ritchie, B. and Woods, J., 1984. Changes in muscle contractile properties and neural control during human muscular fatigue. Muscle & Nerve 7: 691-699.
'Changes in muscle contractile properties and neural control during human muscular fatigue ' () 7 Muscle & Nerve : 691 -699.
Bloomer, R.J., Larson, D.E., Fisher-Wellman, K.H., Galpin, A.J. and Schilling, B.K., 2009. Effect of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid on resting and exercise-induced inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers: a randomized, placebo controlled, cross-over study. Lipids in Health and Disease 8: 36.
'Effect of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid on resting and exercise-induced inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers: a randomized, placebo controlled, cross-over study ' () 8 Lipids in Health and Disease : 36.
Borg, G.A., 1982. Psychophysical bases of perceived exertion. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 14: 377-381.
'Psychophysical bases of perceived exertion ' () 14 Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise : 377 -381.
Brasil-Neto, J.P., Pascual-Leone, A., Valls-Solé, J., Cammarota, A., Cohen, L.G. and Hallett, M., 1993. Postexercise depression of motor evoked potentials: a measure of central nervous system fatigue. Experimental Brain Research 93: 181-184.
'Postexercise depression of motor evoked potentials: a measure of central nervous system fatigue ' () 93 Experimental Brain Research : 181 -184.
Brasil-Neto, J.P., Cohen, L.G. and Hallett, M., 1994. Central fatigue as revealed by postexercise decrement of motor evoked potentials. Muscle and Nerve 17: 713-719.
'Central fatigue as revealed by postexercise decrement of motor evoked potentials ' () 17 Muscle and Nerve : 713 -719.
Bretag, A.H., 1987. Muscle chloride channels. Physiological Reviews 67: 618-724.
'Muscle chloride channels ' () 67 Physiological Reviews : 618 -724.
Buckley, J.D., Burgess, S., Murphy, K.J. and Howe, P.R., 2009. DHA-rich fish oil lowers heart rate during submaximal exercise in elite Australian Rules footballers. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 12: 503-507.
'DHA-rich fish oil lowers heart rate during submaximal exercise in elite Australian Rules footballers ' () 12 Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport : 503 -507.
Cacchio, A., Paoloni, M., Cimini, N., Mangone, M., Liris, G., Aloisi, P., Santilli, V. and Marrelli, A., 2011. Reliability of TMS-related measures of tibialis anterior muscle in patients with chronic stroke and healthy subjects. Journal of the Neurological Sciences 303: 90-94.
'Reliability of TMS-related measures of tibialis anterior muscle in patients with chronic stroke and healthy subjects ' () 303 Journal of the Neurological Sciences : 90 -94.
Calder, P.C., 2011. Fatty acids and inflammation: the cutting edge between food and pharma. European Journal of Pharmacology 668: S50-S58.
'Fatty acids and inflammation: the cutting edge between food and pharma ' () 668 European Journal of Pharmacology : S50 -S58.
Capo, X., Martorell, M., Llompart, I., Sureda, A., Tur, J. and Pons, A., 2014. Docosahexanoic acid diet supplementation attenuates the peripheral mononuclear cell inflammatory response to exercise following LPS activation. Cytokine 69: 155-164.
'Docosahexanoic acid diet supplementation attenuates the peripheral mononuclear cell inflammatory response to exercise following LPS activation ' () 69 Cytokine : 155 -164.
Capó, X., Martorell, M., Sureda, A., Llompart, I., Tur, J.A. and Pons, A., 2015. Diet supplementation with DHA-enriched food in football players during training season enhances the mitochondrial antioxidant capabilities in blood mononuclear cells. European Journal of Nutrition 54: 35-49.
'Diet supplementation with DHA-enriched food in football players during training season enhances the mitochondrial antioxidant capabilities in blood mononuclear cells ' () 54 European Journal of Nutrition : 35 -49.
Capuron, L., Gumnick, J.F., Musselman, D.L., Lawson, D.H., Reemsnyder, A., Nemeroff, C.B. and Miller, A.H., 2002. Neurobehavioral effects of interferon-α in cancer patients: phenomenology and paroxetine responsiveness of symptom dimensions. Neuropsychopharmacology 26: 643-652.
'Neurobehavioral effects of interferon-α in cancer patients: phenomenology and paroxetine responsiveness of symptom dimensions ' () 26 Neuropsychopharmacology : 643 -652.
Capuron, L., Pagnoni, G., Drake, D.F., Woolwine, B.J., Spivey, J.R., Crowe, R.J., Votaw, J.R., Goodman, M.M. and Miller, A.H., 2012. Dopaminergic mechanisms of reduced basal ganglia responses to hedonic reward during interferon alfa administration. Archives of General Psychiatry 69: 1044-1053.
'Dopaminergic mechanisms of reduced basal ganglia responses to hedonic reward during interferon alfa administration ' () 69 Archives of General Psychiatry : 1044 -1053.
Clausen, T., 2003. Na+-K+ pump regulation and skeletal muscle contractility. Physiological Reviews 83: 1269-1324.
'Na+-K+ pump regulation and skeletal muscle contractility ' () 83 Physiological Reviews : 1269 -1324.
Coonan, J. and Lamb, G., 1998. Effect of transverse-tubular chloride conductance on excitability in skinned skeletal muscle fibres of rat and toad. Journal of Physiology 509: 551-564.
'Effect of transverse-tubular chloride conductance on excitability in skinned skeletal muscle fibres of rat and toad ' () 509 Journal of Physiology : 551 -564.
Da Boit, M., Mastalurova, I., Brazaite, G., McGovern, N., Thompson, K. and Gray, S.R., 2015. The effect of krill oil supplementation on exercise performance and markers of immune function. PLoS ONE 10: e0139174.
'The effect of krill oil supplementation on exercise performance and markers of immune function ' () 10 PLoS ONE : e0139174.
Da Boit, M., Sibson, R., Sivasubramaniam, S., Meakin, J., Greig, C., Aspden, R., Thies, F., Jeromson, S., Hamilton, D.L. and Speakman, J., 2016. Sex-differences in the effect of fish oil supplementation on the adaptive response to resistance exercise training in older people. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 105: 151-158.
'Sex-differences in the effect of fish oil supplementation on the adaptive response to resistance exercise training in older people ' () 105 American Journal of Clinical Nutrition : 151 -158.
Dantzer, R., Heijnen, C.J., Kavelaars, A., Laye, S. and Capuron, L., 2014. The neuroimmune basis of fatigue. Trends in Neurosciences 37: 39-46.
'The neuroimmune basis of fatigue ' () 37 Trends in Neurosciences : 39 -46.
Enoka, R.M. and Stuart, D.G., 1992. Neurobiology of muscle fatigue. Journal of Applied Physiology 72: 1631-1648.
'Neurobiology of muscle fatigue ' () 72 Journal of Applied Physiology : 1631 -1648.
Fischer, C.P., 2006. Interleukin-6 in acute exercise and training: what is the biological relevance. Exercise Immunology Review 12: 41.
'Interleukin-6 in acute exercise and training: what is the biological relevance ' () 12 Exercise Immunology Review : 41.
Fowles, J., Green, H., Tupling, R., O’Brien, S. and Roy, B., 2002. Human neuromuscular fatigue is associated with altered Na+-K+-ATPase activity following isometric exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology 92: 1585-1593.
'Human neuromuscular fatigue is associated with altered Na+-K+-ATPase activity following isometric exercise ' () 92 Journal of Applied Physiology : 1585 -1593.
Gandevia, S., 2001. Spinal and supraspinal factors in human muscle fatigue. Physiological Reviews 81: 1725-1789.
'Spinal and supraspinal factors in human muscle fatigue ' () 81 Physiological Reviews : 1725 -1789.
Griffin, L. and Cafarelli, E., 2007. Transcranial magnetic stimulation during resistance training of the tibialis anterior muscle. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology 17: 446-452.
'Transcranial magnetic stimulation during resistance training of the tibialis anterior muscle ' () 17 Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology : 446 -452.
Guezennec, C., Nadaud, J., Satabin, P., Leger, F. and Lafargue, P., 1989. Influence of polyunsaturated fatty acid diet on the hemorrheological response to physical exercise in hypoxia. International Journal of Sports Medicine 10: 286-291.
'Influence of polyunsaturated fatty acid diet on the hemorrheological response to physical exercise in hypoxia ' () 10 International Journal of Sports Medicine : 286 -291.
Guzmán, J.F., Esteve, H., Pablos, C., Pablos, A., Blasco, C. and Villegas, J.A., 2011. DHA-rich fish oil improves complex reaction time in female elite soccer players. Journal of Sports Scienceand Medicine 10: 301.
'DHA-rich fish oil improves complex reaction time in female elite soccer players ' () 10 Journal of Sports Scienceand Medicine : 301.
Huffman, D.M., Altena, T.S., Mawhinney, T.P. and Thomas, T.R., 2004. Effect of n-3 fatty acids on free tryptophan and exercise fatigue. European Journal of Applied Physiology 92: 584-591.
'Effect of n-3 fatty acids on free tryptophan and exercise fatigue ' () 92 European Journal of Applied Physiology : 584 -591.
Jubeau, M., Rupp, T., Perrey, S., Temesi, J., Wuyam, B., Levy, P., Verges, S. and Millet, G.Y., 2014. Changes in voluntary activation assessed by transcranial magnetic stimulation during prolonged cycling exercise. PLoS ONE 9: e89157.
'Changes in voluntary activation assessed by transcranial magnetic stimulation during prolonged cycling exercise ' () 9 PLoS ONE : e89157.
Kalmar, J.M. and Cafarelli, E., 2004. Central fatigue and transcranial magnetic stimulation: effect of caffeine and the confound of peripheral transmission failure. Journal of Neuroscience Methods 138: 15-26.
'Central fatigue and transcranial magnetic stimulation: effect of caffeine and the confound of peripheral transmission failure ' () 138 Journal of Neuroscience Methods : 15 -26.
Kawabata, F., Neya, M., Hamazaki, K., Watanabe, Y., Kobayashi, S. and Tsuji, T., 2014. Supplementation with eicosapentaenoic acid-rich fish oil improves exercise economy and reduces perceived exertion during submaximal steady-state exercise in normal healthy untrained men. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 78: 2081-2088.
'Supplementation with eicosapentaenoic acid-rich fish oil improves exercise economy and reduces perceived exertion during submaximal steady-state exercise in normal healthy untrained men ' () 78 Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry : 2081 -2088.
Kent-Braun, J.A., 1999. Central and peripheral contributions to muscle fatigue in humans during sustained maximal effort. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology 80: 57-63.
'Central and peripheral contributions to muscle fatigue in humans during sustained maximal effort ' () 80 European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology : 57 -63.
Kremer, J.M., 2000. n-3 fatty acid supplements in rheumatoid arthritis. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 71: 349s-351s.
'n-3 fatty acid supplements in rheumatoid arthritis ' () 71 American Journal of Clinical Nutrition : 349s -351s.
Lai, Y.-A., Lin, Y.-A. and Chang, W.-H., 2016. Long-term effects of fish oil supplementation on exercise performance and anti-fatigue in college students: 266 board# 103 June 1, 11:00 AM-12:30 PM. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 48: 62-63.
'Long-term effects of fish oil supplementation on exercise performance and anti-fatigue in college students: 266 board# 103 June 1, 11:00 AM-12:30 PM ' () 48 Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise : 62 -63.
Leaf, D. and Rauch, C., 1988. Omega-3 supplementation and estimated VO2max: a double blind randomized controlled trial in athletes. Annals of Sport Medicine and Research 4: 37-40.
'Omega-3 supplementation and estimated VO2max: a double blind randomized controlled trial in athletes ' () 4 Annals of Sport Medicine and Research : 37 -40.
Lentz, M. and Nielsen, J.F., 2002. Post-exercise facilitation and depression of M wave and motor evoked potentials in healthy subjects. Clinical Neurophysiology 113: 1092-1098.
'Post-exercise facilitation and depression of M wave and motor evoked potentials in healthy subjects ' () 113 Clinical Neurophysiology : 1092 -1098.
Lewis, E.J., Radonic, P.W., Wolever, T.M. and Wells, G.D., 2015. 21 days of mammalian omega-3 fatty acid supplementation improves aspects of neuromuscular function and performance in male athletes compared to olive oil placebo. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition 12: 28.
'21 days of mammalian omega-3 fatty acid supplementation improves aspects of neuromuscular function and performance in male athletes compared to olive oil placebo ' () 12 Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition : 28.
McInnis, K. and Balady, G.J., 1994. Comparison of submaximal exercise responses using the Bruce vs modified Bruce protocols. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 26: 103-107.
'Comparison of submaximal exercise responses using the Bruce vs modified Bruce protocols ' () 26 Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise : 103 -107.
McKay, W.B., Tuel, S.M., Sherwood, A.M., Stokić, D.S. and Dimitrijević, M.R., 1995. Focal depression of cortical excitability induced by fatiguing muscle contraction: a transcranial magnetic stimulation study. Experimental Brain Research 105: 276-282.
'Focal depression of cortical excitability induced by fatiguing muscle contraction: a transcranial magnetic stimulation study ' () 105 Experimental Brain Research : 276 -282.
McNamara, R.K., Able, J., Jandacek, R., Rider, T., Tso, P., Eliassen, J.C., Alfieri, D., Weber, W., Jarvis, K. and DelBello, M.P., 2010. Docosahexaenoic acid supplementation increases prefrontal cortex activation during sustained attention in healthy boys: a placebo-controlled, dose-ranging, functional magnetic resonance imaging study. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 91: 1060-1067.
'Docosahexaenoic acid supplementation increases prefrontal cortex activation during sustained attention in healthy boys: a placebo-controlled, dose-ranging, functional magnetic resonance imaging study ' () 91 American Journal of Clinical Nutrition : 1060 -1067.
Mickleborough, T.D., Sinex, J.A., Platt, D., Chapman, R.F. and Hirt, M., 2015. The effects PCSO-524®, a patented marine oil lipid and omega-3 PUFA blend derived from the New Zealand green lipped mussel (Perna canaliculus), on indirect markers of muscle damage and inflammation after muscle damaging exercise in untrained men: a randomized, placebo controlled trial. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition 12: 10.
'The effects PCSO-524®, a patented marine oil lipid and omega-3 PUFA blend derived from the New Zealand green lipped mussel (Perna canaliculus), on indirect markers of muscle damage and inflammation after muscle damaging exercise in untrained men: a randomized, placebo controlled trial ' () 12 Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition : 10.
Mozaffarian, D., Lemaitre, R.N., King, I.B., Song, X., Huang, H., Sacks, F.M., Rimm, E.B., Wang, M. and Siscovick, D.S., 2013. Plasma phospholipid long-chain ω-3 fatty acids and total and cause-specific mortality in older adults: a cohort study. Annals of Internal Medicine 158: 515-525.
'Plasma phospholipid long-chain ω-3 fatty acids and total and cause-specific mortality in older adults: a cohort study ' () 158 Annals of Internal Medicine : 515 -525.
Nielsen, O.B., Paoli, F. and Overgaard, K., 2001. Protective effects of lactic acid on force production in rat skeletal muscle. Journal of Physiology 536: 161-166.
'Protective effects of lactic acid on force production in rat skeletal muscle ' () 536 Journal of Physiology : 161 -166.
Nunes, E.J., Randall, P.A., Estrada, A., Epling, B., Hart, E.E., Lee, C.A., Baqi, Y., Müller, C.E., Correa, M. and Salamone, J.D., 2014. Effort-related motivational effects of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin 1-beta: studies with the concurrent fixed ratio 5/chow feeding choice task. Psychopharmacology 231: 727-736.
'Effort-related motivational effects of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin 1-beta: studies with the concurrent fixed ratio 5/chow feeding choice task ' () 231 Psychopharmacology : 727 -736.
O’leary, T.J., Morris, M.G., Collett, J. and Howells, K., 2015. Reliability of single and paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation in the vastus lateralis muscle. Muscle and Nerve 52: 605-615.
'Reliability of single and paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation in the vastus lateralis muscle ' () 52 Muscle and Nerve : 605 -615.
Oostenbrug, G., Mensink, R., Hardeman, M., De Vries, T., Brouns, F. and Hornstra, G., 1997. Exercise performance, red blood cell deformability, and lipid peroxidation: effects of fish oil and vitamin E. Journal of Applied Physiology 83: 746-752.
'Exercise performance, red blood cell deformability, and lipid peroxidation: effects of fish oil and vitamin E ' () 83 Journal of Applied Physiology : 746 -752.
Peake, J.M., Suzuki, K., Hordern, M., Wilson, G., Nosaka, K. and Coombes, J.S., 2005. Plasma cytokine changes in relation to exercise intensity and muscle damage. European Journal of Applied Physiology 95: 514-521.
'Plasma cytokine changes in relation to exercise intensity and muscle damage ' () 95 European Journal of Applied Physiology : 514 -521.
Peoples, G.E., McLennan, P.L., Howe, P.R. and Groeller, H., 2008. Fish oil reduces heart rate and oxygen consumption during exercise. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 52: 540-547.
'Fish oil reduces heart rate and oxygen consumption during exercise ' () 52 Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology : 540 -547.
Poprzecki, S., Zajac, A., Chalimoniuk, M., Waskiewicz, Z. and Langfort, J., 2009. Modification of blood antioxidant status and lipid profile in response to high-intensity endurance exercise after low doses of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids supplementation in healthy volunteers. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition 60: 67-79.
'Modification of blood antioxidant status and lipid profile in response to high-intensity endurance exercise after low doses of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids supplementation in healthy volunteers ' () 60 International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition : 67 -79.
Rees, D., Miles, E.A., Banerjee, T., Wells, S.J., Roynette, C.E., Wahle, K.W. and Calder, P.C., 2006. Dose-related effects of eicosapentaenoic acid on innate immune function in healthy humans: a comparison of young and older men. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 83: 331-342.
'Dose-related effects of eicosapentaenoic acid on innate immune function in healthy humans: a comparison of young and older men ' () 83 American Journal of Clinical Nutrition : 331 -342.
Scott, J.P.R., Sale, C., Greeves, J.P., Casey, A., Dutton, J. and Fraser, W.D., 2011. Effect of exercise intensity on the cytokine response to an acute bout of running. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 43: 2297-2306.
'Effect of exercise intensity on the cytokine response to an acute bout of running ' () 43 Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise : 2297 -2306.
Szubski, C., Burtscher, M. and Loscher, W.N., 2007. Neuromuscular fatigue during sustained contractions performed in short-term hypoxia. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 39: 948.
'Neuromuscular fatigue during sustained contractions performed in short-term hypoxia ' () 39 Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise : 948.
Thomas, S., Reading, J. and Shephard, R.J., 1992. Revision of the physical activity readiness questionnaire (PAR-Q). Canadian Journal of Sport Sciences 17(4): 338-345.
'Revision of the physical activity readiness questionnaire (PAR-Q) ' () 17 Canadian Journal of Sport Sciences : 338 -345.
Tyring, S., Gottlieb, A., Papp, K., Gordon, K., Leonardi, C., Wang, A., Lalla, D., Woolley, M., Jahreis, A. and Zitnik, R., 2006. Etanercept and clinical outcomes, fatigue, and depression in psoriasis: double-blind placebo-controlled randomised phase III trial. The Lancet 367: 29-35.
'Etanercept and clinical outcomes, fatigue, and depression in psoriasis: double-blind placebo-controlled randomised phase III trial ' () 367 The Lancet : 29 -35.
Verburg, E., Hallen, J., Sejersted, O. and Vøllestad, N., 1999. Loss of potassium from muscle during moderate exercise in humans: a result of insufficient activation of the Na+-K+-pump? Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 165: 357-367.
'Loss of potassium from muscle during moderate exercise in humans: a result of insufficient activation of the Na+-K+-pump? ' () 165 Acta Physiologica Scandinavica : 357 -367.
Verin, E., Ross, E., Demoule, A., Hopkinson, N., Nickol, A., Fauroux, B., Moxham, J., Similowski, T. and Polkey, M.I., 2004. Effects of exhaustive incremental treadmill exercise on diaphragm and quadriceps motor potentials evoked by transcranial magnetic stimulation. Journal of Applied Physiology 96: 253-259.
'Effects of exhaustive incremental treadmill exercise on diaphragm and quadriceps motor potentials evoked by transcranial magnetic stimulation ' () 96 Journal of Applied Physiology : 253 -259.
Walsh, N.P., Gleeson, M., Shephard, R.J., Gleeson, M., Woods, J.A., Bishop, N., Fleshner, M., Green, C., Pedersen, B.K. and Hoffman-Goete, L., 2011. Position statement part one: immune function and exercise. Exercise Immunology Review 17: 6-63.
'Position statement part one: immune function and exercise ' () 17 Exercise Immunology Review : 6 -63.
Willett, W.C., Sampson, L., Stampfer, M.J., Rosner, B., Bain, C., Witschi, J., Hennekens, C.H. and Speizer, F.E., 1985. Reproducibility and validity of a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. American Journal of Epidemiology 122: 51-65.
'Reproducibility and validity of a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire ' () 122 American Journal of Epidemiology : 51 -65.
Yount, S., Sorensen, M., Cella, D., Sengupta, N., Grober, J. and Chartash, E., 2007. Adalimumab plus methotrexate or standard therapy is more effective than methotrexate or standard therapies alone in the treatment of fatigue in patients with active, inadequately treated rheumatoid arthritis. Clinical & Experimental Rheumatology 25: 838.
'Adalimumab plus methotrexate or standard therapy is more effective than methotrexate or standard therapies alone in the treatment of fatigue in patients with active, inadequately treated rheumatoid arthritis ' () 25 Clinical & Experimental Rheumatology : 838.
Zambiazi, R.C., Przybylski, R., Zambiazi, M.W. and Mendonça, C.B., 2007. Fatty acid composition of vegetable oils and fats. Boletim do Centro de Pesquisa de Processamento de Alimentos 25: 111-120.
'Fatty acid composition of vegetable oils and fats ' () 25 Boletim do Centro de Pesquisa de Processamento de Alimentos : 111 -120.
Zanette, G., Bonato, C., Polo, A., Tinazzi, M., Manganotti, P. and Fiaschi, A., 1995. Long-lasting depression of motor-evoked potentials to transcranial magnetic stimulation following exercise. Experimental Brain Research 107: 80-86.
'Long-lasting depression of motor-evoked potentials to transcranial magnetic stimulation following exercise ' () 107 Experimental Brain Research : 80 -86.
Żebrowska, A., Mizia-Stec, K., Mizia, M., Gąsior, Z. and Poprzęcki, S., 2015. Omega-3 fatty acids supplementation improves endothelial function and maximal oxygen uptake in endurance-trained athletes. European Journal of Sport Science 15: 305-314.
'Omega-3 fatty acids supplementation improves endothelial function and maximal oxygen uptake in endurance-trained athletes ' () 15 European Journal of Sport Science : 305 -314.
All Time | Past 365 days | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 154 | 122 | 21 |
Full Text Views | 2 | 2 | 1 |
PDF Views & Downloads | 11 | 7 | 3 |
Neuromuscular function is one of the important factors affecting athletic performance. Previous studies have shown that fish oil supplementation can improve performance. This study investigated the effect of fish oil on neuromuscular performance after exhausting exercise. Eighteen healthy men (mean ± standard deviation; age 26.9±2.6 years; weight 78.33±10.42 kg; height 175.8±4.9 cm; body fat percentage 18.40±5.46%) voluntarily participated and were randomly assigned to fish and corn oil groups in a double blind manner. Participants received 6 g/day of oil for 4 weeks, while maintaining baseline diet and training status during the study. Changes in maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) of the tibialis anterior muscle, neuromuscular propagation of tibialis anterior muscle (M-wave), corticospinal excitability (MEP: motor evoked potential), and the rate of perceived exertion (RPE) were evaluated before and after supplementation in response to a modified Bruce exhausting protocol. Group differences in changes in each variable following supplementation were assessed by two-way analysis of variances (ANOVA). Compared to corn oil, fish oil demonstrated less perceived exertion at the end of exhaustive exercise (F=9.72, P=0.001) after supplementation, and normalised MEP to M-wave showed a trend (F=3.83, P=0.071). However, M-wave peak to peak amplitudes changes were not significant between the groups (P>0.05). In addition, significant differences were observed between baseline MVC values of the group following supplementation. Thus, it seems that fish oil can improve corticospinal excitability, thereby improving neuromuscular function in exhausting activities. Therefore, fish oil supplementation may be recommended to increase performance in activities otherwise limited. However, the mechanism underlying this effect remains to be elucidated.
All Time | Past 365 days | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 154 | 122 | 21 |
Full Text Views | 2 | 2 | 1 |
PDF Views & Downloads | 11 | 7 | 3 |