Do you want to stay informed about this journal? Click the buttons to subscribe to our alerts.
This article examines what I call the production of strategic space, or the process whereby a particular place, the Republic of Djibouti, and its capital, the port city of Djibouti, became strategically valuable to different states over time, including the French Empire, the United States, and China. Throughout the period from 1859 to the present day, Djibouti’s strategic value has fluctuated as states reacted to different political and economic contexts. These events constantly shifted state interests, re-configuring their conceptions of the importance of Djibouti’s territory. As a result of this process, spaces within Djibouti became strategic relative to other spaces. In particular, the port has been more important to the French authorities and other outsiders than the desert hinterland, which was treated mainly as a useless wasteland. The various authorities organized space within Djibouti to reflect these government priorities, which had a profound impact on its inhabitants’ mobilities, economic opportunities, and political freedoms. The ordering of space within Djibouti reflected state interests, exposing the relationship between geography and power, strategy and spatial organization.
Purchase
Buy instant access (PDF download and unlimited online access):
Institutional Login
Log in with Open Athens, Shibboleth, or your institutional credentials
Personal login
Log in with your brill.com account
Abdillahi, Aden Omar, “Géopolitique de Djibouti: Des incertitudes de la naissance à l’esperance de l’âge adulte”, in Saïd Chiré(2013), 65–89.
Ad Hoc Inter-Departmental Group for Africa, “The Future of the French Territory of the Afars and the Issas (FTAI)” (1976), document 161 in Samson and Van Hook (2006), https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve06/d161 (accessed 16 Oct 2020).
Agnew, John, “The Territorial Trap: The Geographical Assumptions of International Relations Theory”, Review of International Political Economy 1:1 (1994), 53–80.
Agnew, John, “Killing for Cause? Geographies of War and Peace”, Annals of the Association of American Geographers 99:5 (2009), 1054–1059.
“Agreement Between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the Republic of Djibouti on Access to the Use of Facilities In the Republic of Djibouti”, (19 Feb 2003), https://2001-2009.state.gov/documents/organization/97620.pdf (accessed 15 Oct 2020).
“Arrêté n° 1478 interdisant les rassemblements de plus de cinq personnes et instaurant un couvre feu” (14 Sep 1966), in Imbert-Vier (n.d.), djibouti.frontafrique.org/?doc231 (accessed 15 Apr 2019).
Associated Press, “‘The Singapore of Africa’: Tiny Nation of Djibouti Finds Itself at Strategic Crossroads as Superpowers Vie for Influence”, South China Morning Post (9 Apr 2018), https://www.scmp.com/news/world/africa/article/2140936/singapore-africa-tiny-nation-djibouti-finds-itself-strategic (accessed 15 Oct 2020).
Ayeh, Moustapha Nour, “Les villes de Djibouti entre explosion démographique, paupérisation et violences”, in Saïd Chiré (2013), 65–89.
Beng, Ben Ho Wa, “The Strategic Attraction of Djibouti”, The National Interest (18 Mar 2016), https://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/the-strategic-attractions-djibouti-15533 (accessed 15 Oct 2020).
Bezabeh, Samson A., Subjects of Empires/Citizens of States: Yemenis in Djibouti and Ethiopia (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016).
Bisaillon, Laura M. and Asad R. Mohammed, “Djibouti, the Two Faces of the City: Modern and Traditional Forms”, Urbanistica PVS 39–40 (2005), 21–28.
Brunschwig, Henri, “Une colonie inutile: Obock (1862–1888)”, Cahier d’études africaines 29 (1968), 32–47.
Cruz Soto, Marie, “Strategic Spaces, Disposable Peoples: Imperial Imaginings and Colonial Unruliness from Vieques, Puerto Rico”, unpublished draft.
Dahir, Abdi Latif, “How a Tiny African Country Became the World’s Key Military Base”, Quartz Africa (18 Aug 2017), https://qz.com/africa/1056257/how-a-tiny-african-country-became-the-worlds-key-military-base/ (accessed 15 Oct 2020).
Dubois, Colette, Djibouti 1888–1967: Héritage ou frustration? (Paris: L’Harmattan, 1997).
Elazar, Gideon, “China in the Red Sea: The Djibouti Naval Base and the Return of Admiral Zheng He”, BESA Center Perspectives Paper 567 (2017).
“For Djibouti, It’s All About Location”, Stratfor Worldview (16 Jun 2017), https://worldview.stratfor.com/article/djibouti-its-all-about-location (accessed 10 Oct 2019).
Foucault, Michel, Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings, 1972–1977, edited by Colin Gordon (New York: Pantheon Books, 1980).
Freund, Andreas, “East African Colony Votes Independence”, The New York Times (9 May 1977), https://www.nytimes.com/1977/05/09/archives/east-african-colony-votes-independence-territory-of-afars-and-issas.html (accessed 05 May 2019).
Gascon, Alain, “Djibouti, un port entre continent et grand large. Base militaire, port de l’Éthiopia, de l’Afrique de l’Est, de l’océan Indien?”, in Saïd Chiré (2013), 121–142.
Gregory, Derek, “War and Peace”, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 35:2 (2010), 154–186.
Gresh, Geoffrey F., “A Vital Maritime Pinch Point: China, the Bab Al-Mandeb, and the Middle East”, Asian Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies 11:1 (2017), 37–46.
Hart, Brett, “Camp Lemonnier, Djibouti, Expands Both in Size and Job Opportunities”, Combined Joint Task Force – Horn of Africa (23 Jan 2007), https://web.archive.org/web/20070702004816/http://www.hoa.centcom.mil/Stories/Jan07/20070123-001.html (accessed 15 Oct 2020).
Imbert-Vier, Simon, Tracer des frontières à Djibouti: Des territoires et des hommes aux XIXe et XXe siècles (Paris: Karthala, 2011).
Imbert-Vier, Simon, Tracer des frontières à Djibouti: Hommes et territoires aux XIXe et XXe siècle. Corpus de textes (n.d.), https://djibouti.frontafrique.org/ (accessed 16 Oct 2020).
Kuper, Kenneth Gofigan, “Kontra I Peligru, Na’fansåfo’ Ham: The Production of Military (In)Security in Guåhan”, PhD dissertation, University of Hawai’i at Manoa, 2019.
“Le contre-amiral Schweitzer: Djibouti n’a pas de valeur navale”, Le Monde (10 Jun 1976), https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1976/06/10/le-contre-amiral-schweitzer-djibouti-n-a-pas-de-valeur-navale_2942140_1819218.html (accessed 15 May 2019).
Leroux, Rémi, Le Réveil de Djibouti, 1968–1977: Simple outil de propagande ou véritable reflet d’une société? (Paris: L’Harmattan, 1998).
Manchanda, Nivi, Imagining Afghanistan: The History and Politics of Imperial Knowledge (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020).
Massey, Doreen, “Places and Their Pasts”, History Workshop Journal 39 (1995), 182–192.
Mignolo, Walter D., The Idea of Latin America (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
“Minutes of the Meeting of the Senior Review Group” (1976), document 166 in Samson and Van Hook (2006), https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve06/d166.
National Foreign Assessment Center, “A Red Sea Security System: Political, Military, and Economic Issues: An Intelligence Assessment” (1981), https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/DOC_0001239892.pdf (accessed 16 Oct 2016).
Oxford English Dictionaries, “Strategic”, https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/strategic (accessed 15 Apr 2019).
“Protocole provisoire entre le gouvernement de la République française et le gouvernement de la République de Djibouti fixant les conditions de stationnement des forces françaises sur le territoire de la République de Djibouti après l’indépendance” (27 Jun 1977), in Imbert-Vier (n.d.), https://djibouti.frontafrique.org/?doc133, (accessed 15 Mar 2019).
Rémy, Jean-Philippe. “Menacés d’expulsion manu militari, plus de 80 000 sans-papiers ont quitté Djibouti”, Le Monde (16 Sep 2003),https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/2003/09/16/menaces-d-expulsion-manu-militari-plus-de-80-000-sans-papiers-ont-quitte-djibouti_334150_1819218.html?xtmc=djibouti&xtcr=15 (accessed 15 Oct 2020).
Reuters, “World Briefing | Africa: Djibouti: 100,000 Immigrants to Be Expelled”, The New York Times (2 Sep 2003), https://www.nytimes.com/2003/09/02/world/world-briefing-africa-djibouti-100000-immigrants-to-be-expelled.html (accessed 15 Oct 2020).
Said, Edward W., Orientalism (New York: Pantheon Books, 1978).
Saïd Chiré, Amina (ed.), Djibouti contemporain (Paris: Karthala, 2013).
Samson, Peter and Laurie Van Hook (eds.), Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, Volume E-6, Documents on Africa, 1973–1976 (Washington: United States Government Printing Office, 2006). Available online https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve06 (accessed 16 Oct 2020).
Sen, Tansen, India, China and the World: A Connected History (Lanham MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2017).
Song Lifang, “Commentary: China’s Djibouti Base Not for Military Expansion”, Xinhua Net (13 Jul 2017), http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2017-07/13/c_136441371.htm (accessed 16 Oct 2019).
State Council Information Office of the People’s Republic of China, “China’s Military Strategy”, China Daily (26 May 2015), http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2015-05/26/content_20820628.htm (accessed 15 Apr 2019).
Strom, Nicholas W., “France’s Little Piece of Africa – Djibouti”, Washington Star (19 Apr 1971), https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP80-01601R000300030001-8.pdf (accessed 04 May 2019).
Styan, David, “Djibouti: Small State Strategy at a Crossroads”, Third World Thematics: A TWQ Journal 1:1 (2016), 79–91.
Tholomier, Robert, Djibouti: Pawn of the Horn of Africa (Metuchen: Scarecrow Press, 1981.
Thompson, Virginia, and Richard Adloff, Djibouti and the Horn of Africa (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1968).
“Traité relatif à la cession à la France du territoire d’Obock” (11 Mar 1862), in Imbert- Vier (n.d.), djibouti.frontafrique.org/?doc4 (accessed 15 Apr 2019).
Tuathail, Gearóid Ó., Critical Geopolitics: The Politics of Writing Global Space, Vol. 6 (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1996).
Villar, Lejla and Mason Hamilton, “Three Important Oil Trade Chokepoints are Located Around the Arabian Peninsula”, U.S. Energy Information Administration (4 Aug 2017), https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=32352 (accessed 15 Apr 2019).
Woodward, Rachel, “From Military Geography to Militarism’s Geographies: Disciplinary Engagements with the Geographies of Militarism and Military Activities”, Progress in Human Geography 29:6 (2005), 718–740.
Xi Jinping, The Governance of China. Volume 1 (Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 2014).
Zewde, Bahru, A History of Modern Ethiopia, 1855–1991, Second Edition (Oxford etc.: James Currey etc., 2001).
All Time | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 540 | 414 | 19 |
Full Text Views | 21 | 13 | 1 |
PDF Views & Downloads | 49 | 31 | 4 |
This article examines what I call the production of strategic space, or the process whereby a particular place, the Republic of Djibouti, and its capital, the port city of Djibouti, became strategically valuable to different states over time, including the French Empire, the United States, and China. Throughout the period from 1859 to the present day, Djibouti’s strategic value has fluctuated as states reacted to different political and economic contexts. These events constantly shifted state interests, re-configuring their conceptions of the importance of Djibouti’s territory. As a result of this process, spaces within Djibouti became strategic relative to other spaces. In particular, the port has been more important to the French authorities and other outsiders than the desert hinterland, which was treated mainly as a useless wasteland. The various authorities organized space within Djibouti to reflect these government priorities, which had a profound impact on its inhabitants’ mobilities, economic opportunities, and political freedoms. The ordering of space within Djibouti reflected state interests, exposing the relationship between geography and power, strategy and spatial organization.
All Time | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 540 | 414 | 19 |
Full Text Views | 21 | 13 | 1 |
PDF Views & Downloads | 49 | 31 | 4 |