Although it has long been acknowledged that 1QS, 1QSa, and 1QSb are part of the same manuscript, most scholars follow J.T. Milik’s interpretation of the columns of 1QSa and 1QSb as appendices to 1QS. This article examines the circumstances out of which this “appendix hypothesis” emerged, highlights its weaknesses, and takes up Philip Alexander and Géza Vermes’s call to consider the sections of the scroll together by proposing that 1QS-1QSa-1QSb is a composite work that its editor has unified through superscriptions. This study also examines the formatting between 1QS, 1QSa, and 1QSb and the evidence of a recension concerned with introducing the activity of the sons of Zadok and reframing the material for the Maskil throughout the scroll to propose that the heterogeneous and sometimes inconsistent contents are presented by its redactor as a single work rather than three distinct works in a single scroll.
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Abegg, Jr., Martin G. “1QSb and the Elusive High Priest.” Pages 439–452 in Emanuel: Studies in Hebrew Bible Septuagint and Dead Sea Scrolls in Honor of Emanuel Tov. Edited by Shalom M. Paul, Robert A. Kraft, and Lawrence H. Schiffman. VTSupp 94. Leiden: Brill, 2003.
Alexander, Philip S. “Rules,” EDSS 2:799–803.
Alexander, Philip S., and Géza Vermes. Qumran Cave 4. XIX: Serekh Ha-Yaḥad and Two Related Texts. DJD XIX. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998.
Barthélemy, Dominique, and Józef T. Milik. “28a. Règle de la Congrégation (1QSa),” Pages 108–118 in Qumran Cave 1. DJD I. Edited by D. Barthélemy and J.T. Milik. Oxford: Clarendon, 1955.
Baumgarten, Albert I. “Who Cares and Why Does It Matter? Qumran and the Essenes, Once Again!” DSD 11.2 (2004): 174–190.
Baxter, Wayne. “1QSb: Old Divisions Made New.” Revue de Qumrân 21 (2004): 615–630.
Ben-Dov, Jonathan. “319. Otot,” Qumran Cave 4.XVI: Calendrical Texts. DJD XXI. Oxford: Clarendon, 2001.
Ben-Dov, Jonathan, Daniel Stökl Ben Ezra, and Asaf Gayer. “Reconstruction of a Single Copy of the Qumran Cave 4 Cryptic-Script Serekh HaEdah.” RevQ 29.1 (2017): 21–77.
Brooke, George J. “MS 1909. 1QRule of Blessings (1Q28b) Frg. 25a, 1QSb V 22–25.” Pages 273–282 in Gleanings from the Caves: The Dead Sea Scrolls and Artefacts from the Schøyen Collection. Edited by Torleif Elgvin. LSTS 71. London: T&T Clark, 2016.
Brooke, George J., and James M. Robinson. A Further Fragment of 1QSb: The Schøyen Collection MS 1909. Occasional Papers 30. Claremont: Institute for Antiquity and Christianity, 1994.
Brooke, George J., and James M. Robinson. “A Further Fragment of 1QSb: The Schøyen Collection MS 1909.” JJS 46.1–2 (1995): 120–133.
Burrows, Millar. The Dead Sea Scrolls . New York: Viking Press, 1955.
Burrows, Millar. The Dead Sea Scrolls of St. Mark’s Monastery, Volume II: Fascicle 2, Plates and Transcriptions of the Manual of Discipline. New Haven, CT: American Schools of Oriental Research, 1951.
Carmignac, Jean. “Conjecture sur la première ligne de la Règle de la Communauté.” RevQ 2.1 (1959): 85–87.
Carmignac, Jean. “Recueil des Bénédictions.” Pages 28–42 in Les textes de Qumran: Traduits et Annotés. Edited by Édouard Cothenet, Hubert Lignée, and Jean Carmignac. Vol. 2. Autour de la bible. Paris: Letouzey et Ané, 1963.
Carmignac, Jean. “Règle de la Congrégation.” Pages 9–27 in Les textes de Qumran: Traduits et Annotés. Edited by Édouard Cothenet, Hubert Lignée, and Jean Carmignac. Vol. 2. Autour de la bible. Paris: Letouzey et Ané, 1963.
Charlesworth, James H., ed. Rule of the Community and Related Documents. The Dead Sea Scrolls: Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek Texts with English Translations 1. Tübingen; Louisville: J.C.B. Mohr; Westminster John Knox Press, 1994.
Collins, John Joseph. Beyond the Qumran Community: The Sectarian Movement of the Dead Sea Scrolls. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2010.
Collins, John Joseph. Scriptures and Sectarianism: Essays on the Dead Sea Scrolls. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2016.
Crawford, Sidnie White. “41. 4QDeutn,” Pages 117–128 in Qumran Cave 4. IX: Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Kings. DJD XIV. Edited by Eugene Ulrich et al. Oxford: Clarendon, 1999.
De Looijer, Gwynned. The Qumran Paradigm: A Critical Evaluation of Some Foundational Hypotheses in the Construction of the Qumran Sect. EJL 43. Atlanta: SBL Press, 2015.
Fields, Weston. “Discovery and Purchase.” Pages 208–212 in Encyclopedia of the Dead Sea Scrolls. Edited by Lawrence H. Schiffman and James C. VanderKam. Vol. 1. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.
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Filson, Floyd V. “New Fragments of the Dead Sea Scrolls.” The Biblical Archaeologist 13.4 (1950): 99–100.
Flint, Peter. Qumran Cave 1. II. The Isaiah Scrolls. Part 2. DJD XXXII. Oxford: Clarendon, 1997.
Gayer, Asaf, Daniel Stökl Ben Ezra, and Jonathan Ben-Dov. “A New Join of Two Fragments of 4QcryptA Serekh haEdah and Its Implications.” Dead Sea Discoveries 23.2 (2016): 139–154.
Guilbert, Pierre. “La Règle de la Communauté.” Pages 10–80 in Les textes de Qumran: Traduits et annotés. Edited by Jean Carmignac and Pierre Guilbert. Vol. 1. Autour de la bible. Paris: Letouzey et Ané, 1961.
Harding, G. Lankester. “Introductory. The Discovery, the Excavation, Minor Finds” Pages 3–7 in Qumran Cave 1. DJD I. Edited by D. Barthélemy and J.T. Milik. Oxford: Clarendon, 1955.
Hempel, Charlotte. “Do the Scrolls Suggest Rivalry between the Sons of Aaron and the Sons of Zadok and If So Was It Mutual?” RevQ 24.1 (2009): 135–153.
Hempel, Charlotte. “The Treatise on the Two Spirits and the Literary History of the Rule of the Community.” Pages 102–120 in Dualism in Qumran. Edited by Géza G. Xeravits. Library of Second Temple Studies LSTS 76. London: T&T Clark, 2010.
Hempel, Charlotte. The Qumran Rule Texts in Context: Collected Studies. TSAJ 174. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2013.
Hempel, Charlotte. “The Long Text of the Serekh as Crisis Literature.” RevQ 27.1 (2015): 3–23.
Hempel, Charlotte. “סרך.” ThWQ 2:1111–1117.
Jokiranta, Jutta. “What Is ‘Serekh Ha-Yahad (S)’? Thinking about Ancient Manuscripts as Information Processing.” Pages 611–635 in Sibyls, Scriptures, and Scrolls: John Collins at Seventy. Edited by Joel Baden, Hindy Najman, and Eibert Tigchelaar. Vol. 1. JSJSup 175. Leiden: Brill, 2016.
Jokiranta, Jutta, and Hanna Vanonen. “Multiple Copies of Rule Texts or Multiple Rule Texts? Boundaries of the S and M Documents.” Pages 11–60 in Crossing Imaginary Boundaries: The Dead Sea Scrolls in the Context of Second Temple Judaism. Edited by Mika S. Pajunen and Hanna Tervanotko. Publications of the Finnish Exegetical Society 108. Helsinki: Finnish Exegetical Society, 2015.
Kugler, Robert A. “A Note on 1QS 9:14: The Sons of Righteousness or the Sons of Zadok?” DSD 3.3 (1996): 315–320.
Licht, Jacob. The Rule Scroll. Jerusalem: Bialik Institute, 1965.
Martin, Malachi, S. J. The Scribal Character of the Dead Sea Scrolls. Vols. 1–2. Bibliothèque du Muséon 44, 45. Louvain: Publications Universitaires, Institut Orientaliste, 1958.
Metso, Sarianna. “Methodological Problems in Reconstructing History from Rule Texts Found at Qumran.” DSD 11.3 (2004): 315–335.
Metso, Sarianna. “Rule of the Community.” Pages 1169–1171 in The Eerdmans Dictionary of Early Judaism. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2010.
Metso, Sarianna. The Textual Development of the Qumran Community Rule. STDJ 21. Leiden: Brill, 1997.
Metso, Sarianna. The Serekh Texts. London; New York: T&T Clark, 2007.
Milik, Józef T. “28. Annexes à la Règle de la Communauté (1QS),” Pages 107–108 in Qumran Cave 1. DJD I. Edited by D. Barthélemy and J. T. Milik. Oxford: Clarendon, 1955.
Milik, Józef T. “28b. Recueil des Bénédictions (1QSb),” Pages 118–129 in Qumran Cave 1. DJD I. Edited by D. Barthélemy and J. T. Milik. Oxford: Clarendon, 1955.
Mroczek, Eva. The Literary Imagination in Jewish Antiquity. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016.
Najman, Hindy. “Toward a Study of the Uses of the Concept of Wilderness in Ancient Judaism.” Pages 447–466 in Celebrating the Dead Sea Scrolls: A Canadian Collection. Edited by Peter W. Flint, Jean Duhaime, and Kyung S. Baek. EJL 30. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2011.
Pfann, Stephen J. “Cryptic Texts.” Pages 515–702 in Qumran Cave 4. XXVI: Cryptic Texts and Miscellanea. Pt. 1. DJD XXXVI. Edited by Stephen Pfann et al., Oxford: Clarendon, 2000.
Pike, Dana M. and Andrew C. Skinner. “PAM 43.680 Pl. XXI.” Pages 147–160 in Qumran Cave 4. XXIII: Unidentified Fragments. DJD XXXIII. Edited by D.M. Pike and A.C. Skinner. Oxford: Clarendon, 2001.
Saad, Yusef. The Palestine Archaeological Museum and the Dead Sea Scrolls. 5th ed. Beirut: Catholic Press, 1965.
Samuel, Athanasius Yeshue. Treasure of Qumran: My Story of the Dead Sea Scrolls. Philadelphia: Westminster, 1966.
Schiffman, Lawrence H. The Eschatological Community of the Dead Sea Scrolls: A Study of the Rule of the Congregation. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1989.
Schiffman, Lawrence H. Qumran and Jerusalem: Studies in the Dead Sea Scrolls and the History of Judaism. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2010.
Schofield, Alison. “Rereading S: A New Model of Textual Development in Light of the Cave 4 Serekh Copies.” Dead Sea Discoveries 15.1 (2008): 96–120.
Schofield, Alison. “The Wilderness Motif in the Dead Sea Scrolls.” Pages 37–54 in Israel in the Wilderness: Interpretations of the Biblical Narratives in Jewish and Christian Traditions. Edited by Kenneth E. Pomykala. Themes in Biblical Narrative: Jewish and Christian Traditions 10. Leiden: Brill, 2008.
Schofield, Alison. “Between Center and Periphery: The Yaḥad in Context.” Dead Sea Discoveries 16.3 (2009): 330–350.
Schofield, Alison. From Qumran to the Yahad: A New Paradigm of Textual Development for the Community Rule. STDJ 77. Leiden: Brill, 2009.
Schuller, Eileen. “Hodayot.” Pages 69–254 in Qumran Cave 4. XX: Poetical and Liturgical Texts. Part 2. DJD XXIX. Edited by Esther Chazon et al. Oxford: Clarendon, 1999.
Stegemann, Hartmut. “Some Remarks to 1QSa, to 1QSb, and to Qumran Messianism.” Revue de Qumran 17.1/4 (1996): 479–505.
Stegemann, Hartmut. The Library of Qumran: On the Essenes, Qumran, John the Baptist, and Jesus. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1998.
Steudel, Annette. “אחרית הימים in the Texts from Qumran.” Revue de Qumrân 16.2 (1993): 225–246.
Talmon, Shemaryahu. “The ‘Desert Motif’ in the Bible and in Qumran Literature.” Pages 31–64 in Biblical Motifs: Origins and Transformations. Edited by Alexander Altmann. Studies and Texts 8. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1966.
Tigchelaar, Eibert J. C. “In Search of the Scribe of 1QS.” Pages 439–452 in Emanuel: Studies in Hebrew Bible Septuagint and Dead Sea Scrolls in Honor of Emanuel Tov. Edited by Shalom M. Paul, Robert A. Kraft, and Lawrence H. Schiffman. VTSupp 94. Leiden: Brill, 2003.
Tigchelaar, Eibert J. C. “On the Unidentified Fragments of DJD XXXIII and PAM 43.680: A New Manuscript of 4QNarrative and Poetic Composition, and Fragments of 4Q13, 4Q269, 4Q525 and 4QSb (?).” RevQ 21.83 (2004): 477–485.
Tov, Emanuel. “The Orthography and Language of the Hebrew Scrolls Found at Qumran and the Origin of These Scrolls.” Textus 13 (1986): 31–57.
Tov, Emanuel. Scribal Practices and Approaches Reflected in the Texts Found in the Judean Desert. STDJ 54. Leiden: Brill, 2004.
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Ulrich, Eugene Charles. “4QSamc: A Fragmentary Manuscript of 2 Samuel 14–15 from the Scribe of the Serek Hay-Yaḥad (1QS).” BASOR 235 (1979): 1–25.
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Vermes, Geza. “The Leadership of the Qumran Community: Sons of Zadok – Priests – Congregation.” Pages 375–384 in Vol. 1 of Geschichte, Tradition, Reflexion: Festschrift für Martin Hengel zum 70. Geburtstag. Edited by Hubert Cancik, Hermann Lichtenberger, and Peter Schäfer. Tübingen: J.C.B. Mohr, 1996.
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Although it has long been acknowledged that 1QS, 1QSa, and 1QSb are part of the same manuscript, most scholars follow J.T. Milik’s interpretation of the columns of 1QSa and 1QSb as appendices to 1QS. This article examines the circumstances out of which this “appendix hypothesis” emerged, highlights its weaknesses, and takes up Philip Alexander and Géza Vermes’s call to consider the sections of the scroll together by proposing that 1QS-1QSa-1QSb is a composite work that its editor has unified through superscriptions. This study also examines the formatting between 1QS, 1QSa, and 1QSb and the evidence of a recension concerned with introducing the activity of the sons of Zadok and reframing the material for the Maskil throughout the scroll to propose that the heterogeneous and sometimes inconsistent contents are presented by its redactor as a single work rather than three distinct works in a single scroll.
All Time | Past 365 days | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 705 | 90 | 27 |
Full Text Views | 190 | 5 | 0 |
PDF Views & Downloads | 155 | 11 | 0 |