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The Precious Scroll of Incense Mountain is a popular Buddhist narrative in prosimetric form that was transmitted to Vietnam from China and reprinted in Hanoi with imperial sanction in 1772. The historical background of the Hanoi reprint demonstrates that this text had much higher status in Vietnam than in China. In Vietnam it was regarded as an authoritative Buddhist scripture. The case of the reprint of the Precious Scroll of Incense Mountain reveals the role of Buddhist monasteries as centers of woodblock printing in Vietnam, which still remains understudied in current research. The growth of printing of Buddhist works, which enjoyed the support of the court and officials in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, testifies to the popularity of Buddhism among the ruling elite during the Later Lê dynasty, when Confucianism was proclaimed the official ideology of the state.
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Anonymous. Dabei Guanshiyin pusa Xiangshan baojuan大悲觀世音菩薩香山寳卷 (Precious Scroll of Incense Mountain of the Bodhisattva Guanshiyin of Great Compassion). ISNS A.1439, woodblock edition of 1772.
Anonymous. Vạn Phúc Đại thiền tự bi萬福大禪寺碑 (Stele at the Great Thiền Monastery of Myriad Fortunes). ISNS No. 2146–2147, dated 1686.
Anonymous. Mục Liên kinh目連經 (Sutra of Mulian). ISNS AC.632, woodblock edition of 1737.
Anonymous. Tào Động chánh tông lịch đại tổ sư khoa漕洞正宗歷代祖師科 (Ritual Text of [Veneration] of Founding Masters of the Caodong Main Line), Phổ Nhân [Pervading Humanity] Monastery 普仁寺: PNVNPF. 26, undated manuscript.
Anonymous. Trịnh thị gia phả鄭氏家譜 (Genealogy of the Trịnh Family). ISNS A.641, undated manuscript.
Âu Dương Vựng Đăng 歐陽彙登. Hiến Thuỵ am Báo Nghiêm tháp bi minh獻瑞庵報嚴塔碑銘 (Stele of the Repayment of Ornamentations Pagoda in the Pagoda of Revealed Auspiciousness). Stele erected by Mingxing Zaizai monk at Ninh Phúc (Peaceful Fortune) 寧福寺 (Ninh Phúc tự), dated 1647.
Berezkin, Rostislav. Many Faces of Mulian: The Precious Scrolls of Late Imperial China. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2017.
Berezkin, Rostislav, and Boris L. Riftin. ‘The Earliest Known Edition of the Precious Scroll of the Incense Mountain and the Connections Between Precious Scrolls and Buddhist Preaching.’ T’oung Pao 99 (2013): 445–499.
Berezkin, Rostislav, and Nguyen To Lan. ‘On the Earliest Version of the Miaoshan-Guanyin Story in Vietnam: An Adaptation of a Chinese Narrative in the Nôm Script.’ Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (University of Social Sciences, Hanoi, Vietnam) 2.5 (2016): 552–563.
Che Xilun 車錫倫. Zhongguo baojuan yanjiu 中國寶卷研究. Guilin: Guangxi shifan daxue chubanshe, 2009.
Chen Yunü 陳玉女. Mingdai fomen nei wai seng su jiaoshe de changyu 明代佛門內外僧俗交涉的場域. Taipei: Daoxiang chubanshe, 2010.
Dudbridge, Glen. The Legend of Miao-shan, revised edition. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004.
Dương Gia Huấn 樣嘉訓. Kiểm tự檢字 (Tables of Chinese Characters). ISNS A.2452, edition of 1895.
Hà Văn Tấn. Buddhist Temples in Vietnam. Hanoi: Khoa học xã hội Publishing House, 1993.
Hurvitz, Leon. Scripture of the Lotus Blossom of the Fine Dharma. New York: Columbia University Press, 1976.
Idema, Wilt L., tr. Personal Salvation and Filial Piety: Two Baojuan Narratives of Guanyin and her Acolytes. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press, 2008.
Lê Đoan Phủ 黎端甫 (16th century). Doanh tạo Phúc Giao tự tiền đường Phật tượng bi ký tịnh minh營造福膠寺前堂佛像碑記并銘 (Stele Inscription on the Creation of Buddhist Statues in the Outer Hall of Phúc Giao [Blessed Stability] Monastery). ISNS No. 45039–45040, dated 1556.
Lê Ngọc Quỳnh 黎玉瓊, ed. Tào Động tông chánh phái cúng Tổ khoa-Hồng Phúc tự 漕洞宗正派供祖科-洪福寺 (Ritual Text of Veneration of Founding Masters of the Caodong Main Line, Pervading Fortune Monastery). Hanoi: Hồng Phúc Monastery, manuscript of 1892.
Lê Thánh Tông 黎聖宗 Emperor (r. 1460–1497) ‘Quan chế 官制 (Mandarinate)’ in Thiên Nam dư hạ tập天南餘暇集 (Collection of Literary Texts of the Southern Land). ISNS A.334/10, date unknown.
Lê triều Nho thần 黎朝儒臣 (Confucian Scholars of [Later] Lê). Đinh Mùi khoa Tiến sĩ đề danh bi ký丁未科進士題名碑記 (Stele with the Names of Advanced Scholars in the Year of Đinh Mùi [1733]), located at the Temple of Confucius 文廟 in Hanoi. ISNS No. 1377.
Lê triều Nho thần 黎朝儒臣 (Confucian Scholars of [Later] Lê). Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư bản kỷ tục biên大越史紀全書本紀續編 (Supplementary Edition of the Complete Basic Annals of Đại Việt). ISNS A.1415, undated manuscript.
Lê triều Nho thần 黎朝儒臣 (Confucian Scholars of [Later] Lê). Hậu Lê thời sự kỷ lược後黎時事紀略 (An Outline of the Major Events of the Later Lê [Dynasty]). ISH: HV. 119, undated manuscript (Instute of History at Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences).
Lí Tế Xuyên 李濟川 (fourteenth century, attribution). Việt điện u linh tập粵甸幽靈集 (Collection of Stories on the Shady Spirits of the Viet Lands). ISNS A.1919, undated manuscript.
Mai Hồng & Nguyễn Hữu Mùi. ‘Tìm hiểu nghề in của ta qua kho sách Hán Nôm.’ (Research on Vietnamese Printing Profession Through Han-Nom Books) Tạp chí Hán Nôm 1 (1986): 43–55.
Mair, Victor H. ‘Oral and Written Aspects of Chinese Sūtra Lectures (chiang-ching-wen).’ Hanxue yanjiu 漢學研究 4. 2 (1986, cumulative 8): 311–314.
Meulenbeld, Marc R.E. Demonic Warfare: Daoism, Territorial Networks, and the History of a Ming Novel. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press, 2015.
Mingxing Zaizai 明行在在. Chuyết Chuyết thiền sư ngữ lục拙拙禪師語錄 (Sayings of Chan Master Zhuozhuo). Woodblock edition of 1645, printed at the Phật Tích Monastery, Tiên Du County, Bắc Ninh Province.
Nguyễn, Bỉnh Khiêm 阮秉謙. Tu tạo Cao Dương tự tam giáo tượng minh tịnh tự修造高陽寺三教像碑銘并敘 (Stele Inscription on the Sculpting of Images of Deities of Three Teachings of Cao Dương [Elevated Yang] Monastery). ISNS No. 4662, dated 1578.
Nguyen, Cuong Tu. Zen in Medieval Vietnam: A Study and Translation of Thien Uyen Tap Anh. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press, 1998.
Nguyen Tai Thu, ed. The History of Buddhism in Vietnam. Washington: The Council for Research in Values and Philosophy, 2008.
Nguyễn Tô Lan, ‘Shiba shiji Xingquan fashi yu Hanwen lüzang zai Yuenan de chuanru yu chuancheng mailuo 十八世紀性泉法師與漢文律藏在越南的傳入,與傳承脈絡.’ Taiwan Dongya wenming yanjiu qikan 臺灣東亞文明研究期刊 (Taiwan Journal of East Asian Studies) 17.1 (2020): 51–85.
Nguyen To Lan and Rostislav Berezkin. ‘From Chinese Precious Scrolls to Vietnamese True Scriptures: Transmission and Adaptation of the Miaoshan Story in Vietnam.’ East Asian Publishing and Society 8 (2018): 107–144.
Như Sơn 如山. Ngự chế Thiền điển thống yếu Kế đăng lục 御製禪典統要繼燈錄 (Essential Records of the Lamp Transmission as the Chan Annals Composed for the Emperor). Hanoi: Hồng Phúc Monastery, edition of 1734.
Như Sơn 如山. Ngự chế Thiền điển thống yếu Kế đăng lục御製禪典統要繼燈錄 (Essential Records of the Lamp Transmission as the Chan Annals Composed for the Emperor). ISNS AB.158a&b, edition of 1859.
Overmyer, Daniel L. Precious Volumes: An Introduction to Chinese Scriptures from the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 1999.
Phan Huy Chú 潘輝注 (1782–1840). Lịch triều hiến chương loại chí曆朝憲章類志 (Categorized Records of the Institutions of Successive Dynasties), ‘Nhân vật chí’ 人物誌 (Biographies). ISNS VHv.1502/1–16, vol. 8, undated manuscript.
Phúc Điền 福田. Đạo giáo nguyên lưu道教源流 (The Origins of Daoism). ISNS A.2675, edition of 1845.
Phúc Điền 福田. Nhân thiên nhãn mục人天眼目 (Eyes of Men and Heaven). ISNS AC.502, undated manuscript.
Phúc Điền 福田. Thiền uyển truyền đăng lục禪苑傳燈錄 (Records of the Lamp Transmission of the Chan School). ISNS VHv. 9, undated manuscript.
Sawada Mizuho 沢田瑞穂. Zōho hōkan no kenkyū 增補寶卷の研究. Tokyo: Dōkyō kankōkai, 1975.
Shahar, Meir. Crazy Ji: Chinese Religion and Popular Literature. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 1998.
St. Thecla, Adriano di. Opusculum de Sectis apud Sinenses et Tunkinenses (A Small Treatise on the Sects among the Chinese and Tonkinese): A Study of Religion in China and North Vietnam in the Eighteenth Century, transl. and annotated by Olga Dror. Ithaca NY: Cornell University Press, 2002.
Thích Đồng Dưỡng. ‘Có phải chùa Liên Hoa chính là chùa Liên Phái?’ Văn hoá Phật giáo 112 (2010): 6–9.
Thích Đồng Dưỡng. ‘Hành trạng Thiền sư Tính Chúc Đạo Chu qua hai tấm bia chùa Bằng (Chan Master Tính Chúc Đạo Chu’s Biography in the Two Stone Steles at Bằng Monastery).’ Văn hoá Phật giáo 190 (2013): 8–11.
Thích Đồng Dưỡng. ‘Sử liệu về thiền sư Như Sơn (Historical Records of Chan Master Như Sơn).’ Văn hoá Phật giáo 189 (2013): 14–17.
Thích Đồng Dưỡng. ‘Về niên đại thiền sư Tính Tuyền (On the Biography of Monk Tính Tuyền).’ Văn hoá Phật giáo 161 (2012): 9–11.
Tính Chúc 性燭, ed. Chuẩn Đề chân ngôn nghi quỹ准提真言儀軌 (Ritual Text of the Cundi’s Mantra). ISNS AC.452, 1756.
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All Time | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
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Abstract Views | 484 | 176 | 7 |
Full Text Views | 16 | 8 | 2 |
PDF Views & Downloads | 44 | 20 | 7 |
The Precious Scroll of Incense Mountain is a popular Buddhist narrative in prosimetric form that was transmitted to Vietnam from China and reprinted in Hanoi with imperial sanction in 1772. The historical background of the Hanoi reprint demonstrates that this text had much higher status in Vietnam than in China. In Vietnam it was regarded as an authoritative Buddhist scripture. The case of the reprint of the Precious Scroll of Incense Mountain reveals the role of Buddhist monasteries as centers of woodblock printing in Vietnam, which still remains understudied in current research. The growth of printing of Buddhist works, which enjoyed the support of the court and officials in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, testifies to the popularity of Buddhism among the ruling elite during the Later Lê dynasty, when Confucianism was proclaimed the official ideology of the state.
All Time | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 484 | 176 | 7 |
Full Text Views | 16 | 8 | 2 |
PDF Views & Downloads | 44 | 20 | 7 |