Though geographically distant from each other, Portugal and Finland present an interesting comparison concerning the policies and devices of asylum. Both provide an informed and critical appraisal of the current international response to the refugee issue, especially considering the European Union. The Finnish situation evidences a long-standing integrated resettlement frame, associated with the inclusive and pluralistic character of Nordic immigration policies, in spite of the growing threat of regression under the emergent xenophobic pressure. Unlike Portugal, where a finely-tuned response system is still lacking in spite of the existence of an assumed political will and commitment to receive increasing numbers of refugees.
Purchase
Buy instant access (PDF download and unlimited online access):
Institutional Login
Log in with Open Athens, Shibboleth, or your institutional credentials
Personal login
Log in with your brill.com account
Ager, A. and Strang, A. (2008). Understanding integration: a conceptual framework. Journal of Refugee Studies 21(2), pp. 166–191.
Alto Comissariado para as Migrações (2016). Apoio à integração de pessoas refugiadas. <www.acm.gov.pt/-/apoio-a-integracao-de-pessoas-refugiadas> (accessed 6 September 2018).
Alto Comissariado para as Migrações (2017). Relatório de Avaliação da Política Portuguesa de Acolhimento de Pessoas Refugiadas—Programa de Recolocação. Lisbon: ACM.
Alto Comissariado para as Migrações (2018). Relatório de Avaliação da Política Portuguesa de Acolhimento de Pessoas Refugiadas—Programa de Recolocação. Lisbon: ACM.
Alves, S. (2015). Welfare State changes and outcomes—the cases of Portugal and Denmark from a comparative perspective. Social Policy & Administration 49(1), pp. 1–23.
Beck, U. and Grande, E. (2007). Cosmopolitan Europe. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Berry, J.W. (2005). Acculturation: living successfully in two cultures. International Journal of Intercultural Relations 29(6), pp. 697–712.
Borevi, K., Jensen, K.K. and Mouritsen, P. (2017). The civic turn of immigrant integration policies in the Scandinavian Welfare States. Comparative Migration Studies 5(9), pp. 6–14.
Brian, T. and Laczko, F. (Eds.) (2014). Fatal Journeys: Tracking Lives Lost During Migration. IOM, Geneva, Switzerland.
Carrera, S., Blockmans, S., Gros, D. and Guild, E. (2015). The EU’s Response to the Refugee Crisis: Taking Stock and Setting Policy Priorities. (CEPS essay; N. 20). Centre for European Policy Studies, Brussels, Belgium.
Carvalho, S. (2017). O Acolhimento e a Inserção de Refugiados em Portugal: Procedimentos e Práticas de Intervenção. MSc Thesis, Department of Sociology, Management and Economics, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real.
Challinor, E. (2018). Refugee hospitality encounters in Northern Portugal: ‘cultural orientations’ and ‘contextual protection’. Migration and Society: Advances in Research 1, pp. 96–110.
Esping-Andersen, G. (2002). Why We Need a New Welfare State. Oxford University Press, Oxford, United Kingdom.
Figueiredo, C. (2015). Costa quer refugiados a trabalhar nas florestas. Expresso, 3 September. https://expresso.pt/politica/2015-09-03-Costa-quer-refugiados-a-trabalhar-nas-florestas (accessed 16 March 2017).
Forsander, A. (2013). Maahanmuuttajien sijoittuminen työelämään [Placement of immigrants into working life], in: Muuttajat. Kansainvälinen muuttoliike ja suomalainen yhteiskunta. T. Martikainen, P. Saukkonen and M. Säävälä (Eds.). Gaudeamus, Helsinki, Finland.
Forsander, A. (2004). Tekeekö työ oikeaksi suomalaiseksi [Do work make as a real Finn], in: Seis Yhteiskunta—tahdon sisään. T. Helne, S. Hänninen and J. Karjalainen (Eds.), pp. 195-215, SoPhi, Jyväskylä, Finland.
Government of the Portuguese Republic (2016). Portugal tem ‘atitude que todos os estados da UE devem ter’ na crise dos refugiados. https://www.portugal.gov.pt/pt/gc21/comunicacao/noticia?i=20160219-pm-ue-migrantes (accessed 16 March 2017).
Hassel, A. and Wagner, B. (2017). The EU’s ‘migration crisis’: challenge, threat or opportunity?, in: Social Policy in the European Union: State of Play 2016. B. Vanhercke, D. Natali and D. Bouget (Eds.), pp. 61-92, OSE-ETUI, Brussels, Belgium.
Hiitola, J. and Peltola, M. (2018). Tuotettu ja koettu toiseus viranomaisten ja maahanmuuttotaustaisten vanhempien kohtaamisissa [Constructions of the ‘other’ in migrant parents’ and welfare professionals’ encounters], in: Maahanmuutto, palvelut ja hyvinvointi—kohtaamisissa kehittyviä käytäntöjä [Migration, services and welfare. Evolving practices in encounters] J. Hiitola, M. Anis and K. Turtiainen (Eds.), pp. 124-145, Vastapaino, Tampere, Finland.
Hiitola, J., Turtiainen, K. and Vuori, J. (2020, forthcoming). Enduring suffering. Effects of fathers’ precarious residency on family-members, in: Family Life in Transition: Borderlands, Transnational Mobility and Welfare Society in Nordic Countries, J. Hiitola, K. Turtiainen, S. Gruber and M. Tiilikainen (Eds.), Routledge, London, United Kingdom.
IRC (2016). International Rescue Committee survey shows sympathy for Syrian refugees across Europe; economic pressures frequently cited as a concern. <www.rescue.org/press-release/international-rescue-committee-survey-shows-sympathy-syrian-refgees-across-europe> (accessed 16 March 2017).
Keskinen, S. (2014). From welfare nationalism to welfare chauvinism: economic rhetoric, the welfare state and changing asylum policies in Finland. Critical Social Policy 36(3), pp. 352–370.
Keskinen, S.P., Norocel, C., and Jørgensen, M.B. (2016). The politics and policies of welfare chauvinism under the economic crisis. Critical Social Policy 36(3), pp. 321–329.
Koikkalainen, S., Tammilehto, T., Kangas, O., Katisko, M., Koskinen, S. and Suikkanen, A. (2011). Welfare or work: migrants’ selective integration in Finland, in: Migration and Welfare in the New Europe, E. Carmel, A. Cerami and T. Papadopoulos (Eds.), pp. 143-158, Policy Press, Bristol, United Kingdom.
Levitt, P. (2009). Roots and routes: understanding the lives of the second generation transnationally. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 35(7), pp. 1225–1242.
Lusa (2017). Dois em cada cinco refugiados recolocados em Portugal abandonam o país. Público, 9 May. https://www.publico.pt/2017/05/09/sociedade/noticia/dois-em-cada-cinco-refugiados-recolocados-em-portugal-abandonam-o-pais-1771574 (accessed 22 December 2018).
Lusa (2018). Portugal vai acolher mais 1010 refugiados até 2019. Público, 25 March. https://www.publico.pt/2018/02/24/sociedade/noticia/portugal-vai-acolher-mais-1010-refugiados-ate-2019-c-audio-e-video-atualizada-1804341 (accessed 25 June 2018).
Maahanmuuton Tunnusluvut (2016). EMN, Euroopan muuttoliikeverkosto. Maahanmuuttovirasto. <www.emn.fi/files/1528/Tilastokatsaus_2016_FI_netti.pdf> (accessed 7 February 2017).
Mattila, M. and Björklund, K. (2013). Tomaatteja, teollisuutta ja monikulttuurisuutta: Närpiön malli maahanmuuttajien kotouttamisessa [Tomatoes, industry and multiculturalism: Model in Närpiö for Integrating Migrants]. Siirtolaisuusinstituutin Pohjanmaan Aluekeskuksen Tutkimuksia 5. Migration Institute, Turku, Finland.
Migri (2017). EU Relocation Programme ends. <migri.fi/en/artikkeli/-/asset_publisher/2017_36_sisaiset-siirrot-paattyy> (accessed 05 June 2018).
Migri (2018). Asylum in Finland. Helsinki: Finnish Immigration Service. <migri.fi/en/asylum-in-finland> (accessed 05 June 2018).
Nelken, D. (1984). Law in action or living law? Back to the beginning in Sociology of Law. Legal Studies 4, pp. 157–182.
Neves, C. (2017). Refugiados homens chegam da Eritreia e sem direito a retorno. Diário de Notícias, 15 January. https://www.dn.pt/sociedade/refugiados-homens-chegam-da-eritreia-e-sem-direito-a-retorno-5605992.html (accessed 21 December 2018).
Nordberg, C. (2015). Invisibilised visions: migrant mothers and the reordering of citizenship in a Nordic welfare state context. Nordic Journal of Migration Research 5(2), pp. 67–74.
Nordberg, C. and Wrede, S. (2015). Street-level engagements: migrated families encountering the local Welfare State. Nordic Migration Research 5(2), pp. 54–57.
Padilla, B. and Goldberg, A. (2017). Dimensiones reales y simbólicas de la ‘crisis de refugiados’ en Europa: un análisis crítico desde Portugal. REMHU-Rev. Interdisciplinar da Mobilidade Humana 25(51), pp. 11–27.
Parusel, B. (2015). Solidarity and fairness in the common European asylum system—failure or progress? Migration Letters 12(2), pp. 124–136.
Pellander, S. and Horsti, K. (2018). Visibility in mediated borderscapes: the hunger strike of asylum seekers as an embodiment of border violence. Political Geography, 66, pp. 161–170.
Peltola, M. (2014). Kunnollisia Perheitä: Maahanmuutto, Sukupolvet ja Yhteiskunnallinen Asema. Nuorisotutkimusseura/Nuorisotutkimusverkosto, Helsinki, Finland.
Pimentel, I. (2008). Judeus em Portugal Durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial. Esfera dos Livros, Lisbon, Portugal.
Portes, A. and Rumbaut, R.G. (2001). Legacies: The Story of the Immigrant Second Generation. University of California Press, Berkeley, USA.
Puustinen, A., Raisio, H., Kokki, E. and Luhta, J. (2017). Kansalaismielipide: Turvapaikanhakijat ja Turvapaikkapolitiikka. <julkaisut.valtioneuvosto.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/79477/09_2017_Kansalaismielipide%20Turvapaikanhakijat%20ja%20turvapaikkapolitiikka.pdf?sequence=1> (accessed 5 June 2018).
Raithel, S. (2016). The common European Asylum System: its history, content, and shortcomings. Michigan Journal of International Law 37. <www.mjilonline.org/the-common-european-asylum-system-its-history-content-and-shortcomings/> (accessed 27 May 2019).
Sacramento, O. and Silva, P.G. (2018). Entre direitos consagrados e constrangimentos operacionais: dissonâncias estruturais no sistema português de acolhimento de refugiados [Between consecrated rights and operational constraints: structural dissonances in the Portuguese refugee reception system]. Desenvolvimento e Sociedade 4 (July 2018), pp. 7–20.
Santinho, M. C. (2013). Afinal, que asilo é este que não nos protege? Etnográfica 17(1), pp. 5–29.
Sotkasiira, T. (2018). Kotoutumista vai hyvinvointia? Metafora-analyysi syrjäseutujen kotopalveluista, in: Maahanmuutto, Palvelut ja Hyvinvointi. Kohtaamisissa Kehittyviä Käytäntöjä. J. Hiitola, M. Anis, and K. Turtiainen (Eds.), pp. 518-544, Vastapaino, Tampere, Finland.
Sotkasiira, T. and Haverinen, V. (2016). Battling for citizenship. A case study of Somali settlement in Lieksa, Finland. Nordic Journal of Migration Research 6(2), pp. 115–123.
Sousa, L. and Costa, P.M. (2016). A evolução do direito de asilo e regimes de proteção a refugiados em Portugal (1975–2015), in: O Contencioso do Direito de Asilo e Proteção Subsidiária. S. David (Ed.), pp. 103-128, CEJ, Lisbon, Portugal.
Toivanen, M., Väänänen, A., Kurki, A-L., Bergbom, B. and Airila, A. (Eds.), (2018) Moni Osaa! Työpaikkaosaaminen Monikulttuurisilla Työpaikoilla [Multiskill! Work related know-how in the multicultural workplaces]. Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland.
Turtiainen, K. (2012). Possibilities of Trust and Recognition between Refugees and Authorities. Resettlement as a Part of Durable Solutions of Forced Migration. PhD Thesis, University of Jyväskylä.
Turtiainen, K., Kokkonen, T. and Viitasalo, K. (2018). Aktiivisen kansalaisuuden mahdollisuudet kotouttamistyön ulkoisten ehtojen ja maahanmuuttajien tarpeiden ristipaineissa [Possibilities of active citizenship in the tension of governance and migrants’ needs in the migrant integration work]. Janus 4(26), pp. 343–360.
UNHCR (2011). Country Chapters—UNHCR Resettlement Handbook. Geneva: UNHCR. <www.unhcr.org/4e92a0cc9.html> (accessed 24 July 2017).
UNHCR (2017). Global Report. Geneva: UNHCR. <www.unhcr.org/resources-and-publications.html> (accessed 16 March 2017).
Valtonen, K. (2004). From the margin to the mainstream: conceptualizing refugee settlement processes. Journal of Refugee Studies 17(1), pp. 70–96.
Valtonen, K. (2008). Social Work and Migration: Immigrant and Refugee Settlement and Integration. Ashgate, Farnham, United Kingdom.
Wahlbeck, Ö. (2018). To share or not to share responsibility? Finnish refugee policy and the hesitant support for a common European Asylum System. Journal of Immigrant and Refugee Studies 17(3), pp. 299-316.
Wedel, J., Shore, C., Feldman, G. and Lathrop, S. (2005). Toward an Anthropology of public policy. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 600, pp. 30–51.
Wrede, S. and Nordberg, C. (2010). Vieraita Työssä: Työelämän Etnistyvä Eriarvoisuus [Foreigners at Work: The Unequalisation of Working Life]. Helsinki University Press, Helsinki, Finland.
Act on the Integration of Immigrants and Reception of Asylum Seekers (493/1999). <www.finlex.fi/en/laki/kaannokset/1999/en19990493> (accessed 20 November 2017).
Act on the Promotion of Immigrant Integration (1386/2010). <www.finlex.fi/en/laki/kaannokset/2010/en20101386> (accessed 20 November 2017).
Constitution of Finland (731/1999). <www.finlex.fi/en/laki/kaannokset/1999/en19990731> (accessed 24 November 2017).
Diário da República (2014). Decreto-Lei n.º 26/2014 de 5 de maio. 1.ª série—n.º 85, 2606–2637.
European Commission (2008). Policy plan on asylum: an integrated approach to protection across the EU. Brussels: EP, 17.6.2008. <eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2008:0360:FIN:EN:PDF> (accessed 26 July 2018).
European Commission (2014). A Common European Asylum System. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
European Commission (2015). Commission Recommendation (EU) 2015/914 of 8.6.2015 on a European Resettlement Scheme. <eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32015H0914> (accessed 22 July 2017).
European Commission (2017). Report from the Commission to the European Parliament, the European Council and the Council. <reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/20170516_twelfth_report_on_relocation_and_resettlement_en.pdf> (accessed 18 October 2018).
Finnish Aliens Act (1152/2010) Aliens Act (301/2004, amendments up to 1152/2010 included). <www.finlex.fi/en/laki/kaannokset/2004/en20040301.pdf> (accessed 24 November 2017).
Laki Ulkomaalaislain Muuttamisesta [Act on the Changes in Aliens’ Act] (332/2016).
UNHCR (1951). Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocol. <www.unhcr.org/about-us/background/4ec262df9/1951-convention-relating-status-refugees-its-1967-protocol.html> (accessed 19 September 2018).
All Time | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 1461 | 190 | 29 |
Full Text Views | 185 | 12 | 3 |
PDF Views & Downloads | 270 | 25 | 5 |
Though geographically distant from each other, Portugal and Finland present an interesting comparison concerning the policies and devices of asylum. Both provide an informed and critical appraisal of the current international response to the refugee issue, especially considering the European Union. The Finnish situation evidences a long-standing integrated resettlement frame, associated with the inclusive and pluralistic character of Nordic immigration policies, in spite of the growing threat of regression under the emergent xenophobic pressure. Unlike Portugal, where a finely-tuned response system is still lacking in spite of the existence of an assumed political will and commitment to receive increasing numbers of refugees.
All Time | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 1461 | 190 | 29 |
Full Text Views | 185 | 12 | 3 |
PDF Views & Downloads | 270 | 25 | 5 |