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 Paracelsus, “Von den natürlichen Bädern - ca. 1525,” in Sämtliche Werke: Medizinische, naturwissenschaftliche und philosophische Schriften: Frühe Schriften zur Heilmittellehre, ed. Bernhard Aschner (Munich, 1930): 221–6. Georg Agricola, De ortu et causis subterraneorum (Basel, 1546).)| false
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 Coley, “‘Cures without Care’,” 191–2; Noel G. Coley, “The Preparation and Uses of Artificial Mineral Waters (ca. 1680–1825),” Ambix, 31 (1984), 32–48, on 32. Eklund, “Of a Spirit in the Water,” 531.)| false
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 Walter Pagel, “Helmont, Johannes (Joan) Baptista Van” in Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography, ed. C.C. Gillispie, F.L. Holmes, N. Koertge (Detroit, 2008) [hereafter CDSB], vol. 6, 253–9. Steffen Ducheyne, “Helmont, Johannes (Joan) Baptista Van,” CDSB, vol. 21, 277–81. Van Helmont, Supplementum de fontibus spadanis. Pagel, Joan Baptista van Helmont, 66–7. Crosland, “Slippery Substances.”

 Walter Pagel, “Helmont, Johannes (Joan) Baptista Van” in Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography, ed. C.C. Gillispie, F.L. Holmes, N. Koertge (Detroit, 2008) [hereafter CDSB], vol. 6, 253–9. Steffen Ducheyne, “Helmont, Johannes (Joan) Baptista Van,” CDSB, vol. 21, 277–81. Van Helmont, Supplementum de fontibus spadanis. Pagel, Joan Baptista van Helmont, 66–7. Crosland, “Slippery Substances.”)| false
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 J.R. Partington, “Joan Baptista van Helmont,” Annals of Science, 1 (1936), 359–84, 370–5. J.R. Partington, A History of Chemistry (London, 1961), vol. 2, 227–32. Van Helmont “De flatibus” in Ortus medicinae (‘ed. nova’, Amsterdam, 1652), 336. These labels correspond to windy, fatty, dry, sooty, woody, sulfurous, winey, musty, and flammable.)| false
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 Pagel, Joan Baptista van Helmont, 24–5, 49–52. William R. Newman and Lawrence Principe, Alchemy Tried in the Fire: Starkey, Boyle, and the Fate of Helmontian Chymistry (2002), 61–6. Antonio Clericuzio, “From van Helmont to Boyle: A Study of the Transmission of Helmontian Chemical and Medical Theories in Seventeenth-Century England,” The British Journal for the History of Science, 26 (1993), 303–34, on 307–8.

 Pagel, Joan Baptista van Helmont, 24–5, 49–52. William R. Newman and Lawrence Principe, Alchemy Tried in the Fire: Starkey, Boyle, and the Fate of Helmontian Chymistry (2002), 61–6. Antonio Clericuzio, “From van Helmont to Boyle: A Study of the Transmission of Helmontian Chemical and Medical Theories in Seventeenth-Century England,” The British Journal for the History of Science, 26 (1993), 303–34, on 307–8.)| false
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 Van Helmont, Ortus Medicinae, 86. For van Helmont’s corpuscular notions and the relation between his conceptions of gases, elements, and vapors, see William R. Newman, Gehennical Fire: the Lives of George Starkey, an American Alchemist in the Scientific Revolution (Cambridge, Mass., 1994), 112–3.

 Van Helmont, Ortus Medicinae, 86. For van Helmont’s corpuscular notions and the relation between his conceptions of gases, elements, and vapors, see William R. Newman, Gehennical Fire: the Lives of George Starkey, an American Alchemist in the Scientific Revolution (Cambridge, Mass., 1994), 112–3.)| false
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 John A. Norris, “Early Theories of Aqueous Mineral Genesis in the Sixteenth Century,” Ambix, 54 (2007), 69–86, on 85.)| false
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 Newman and Principe, Alchemy Tried in the Fire, 60–6.

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 Van Helmont and van Helmont, Ortus medicinae, 110. English from van Helmont, Chandler, and van Helmont, Van Helmont’s Works, 110.

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 Becher and Stahl, Physica subterranea, 80–3, 87–8, 102.

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 Becher and Stahl, Physica subterranea, 145. Frank D. Adams, “Origin and Nature of Ore Deposits an Historical Study,” Geological Society of America Bulletin, 45 (1934), 375–424, 397–400. Oldroyd, “Some Phlogistic Mineralogical Schemes,” 276. Norris, “The Mineral Exhalation Theory.”

 Becher and Stahl, Physica subterranea, 145. Frank D. Adams, “Origin and Nature of Ore Deposits an Historical Study,” Geological Society of America Bulletin, 45 (1934), 375–424, 397–400. Oldroyd, “Some Phlogistic Mineralogical Schemes,” 276. Norris, “The Mineral Exhalation Theory.”)| false
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 Friedrich Hoffmann, “Methodus examinandi aquas salubres,” in Dissertationes physico-medicae curiosae selectiores, ad sanitatem tuendam maxime pertinentes (Leiden, 1703), part 2, 161–205, 182. Friedrich Hoffmann, “De elementis aquarum mineralium,” in Friderici Hoffmanni Opera omnia physico-medica denuo revisa, correcta & aucta (Geneva, 1740), vol. 5, 131–40, 135. Friedrich Hoffmann and Peter Shaw, New Experiments and Observations upon Mineral Waters Directing their Farther Use for the Preservation of Health, and the Cure of Diseases (London, 1731), 31–2. Brownrigg, “An Experimental Enquiry,” 236. WB4, 1.)| false
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 Lister, De fontibus medicatis, 5.

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 Lister, De fontibus medicatis, 58. On Lister and pyrites, see Anna Marie Roos, “Martin Lister (1639–1712) and Fools’ Gold,” Ambix, 51 (2004), 23–41.

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 Lister, De fontibus medicatis, 74.

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 Lister, De fontibus medicatis, 80.

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 Boyle, Short Memoirs, 99.

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 Coley, “Preparation and Uses,” 34. Coley, “Physicians, Chemists,” 57.

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 Rothschuh, “Studien,” 178–80. De Ceglia, I fari di Halle, 309–10. Hoffmann, “De elementis,” 132. Hoffmann and Shaw, New Experiments, 17.

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 Hoffmann, “Methodus examinandi,” 165–86. Hoffmann, “De elementis,” 131–36.

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 Hoffmann, “Methodus examinandi,” 176. Hoffmann, “De elementis,” 134.

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 See Eklund, “Chemical Analysis,” 257–89. Eklund, “Of a Spirit in the Water,” 527–36.

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 Eklund, “Of a Spirit in the Water,” 535–6.

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 Hoffmann, “De fontis,” 236–7. Venel, “Mémoire sur l’analyse des eaux de Selters ou de Seltz,” 54–5.

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 Hoffmann, “De fontis,” 236–7. Venel, “Mémoire sur l’analyse des eaux de Selters ou de Seltz,” 57.

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 Hoffmann, “De fontis,” 236–7. Venel, “Mémoire sur l’analyse des eaux de Selters ou de Seltz,” 80, 88.

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 Hoffmann, “De fontis,” 236–7. Venel, “Mémoire sur l’analyse des eaux de Selters ou de Seltz,” 88–9.

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 Hoffmann, “De fontis,” 236–7. Venel, “Mémoire sur l’analyse des eaux de Selters ou de Seltz,” 88.

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 Hoffmann, “De fontis,” 236–7. Venel, “Mémoire sur l’analyse des eaux de Selters ou de Seltz,” 88–9 (italics original).

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 Hoffmann, “De fontis,” 236–7. Venel, “Mémoire sur l’analyse des eaux de Selters ou de Seltz,” 93.

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