This article examines strategies used in coping with domestic legitimacy crises in Albania. In these crises, blending national with international governance became a resource for governance interventions. Although prevailing approaches to state building and to judiciary governance have continued to follow Westphalian or Weberian paradigms, which characterize the state by its monopoly over judicial authority, Albania has faced difficulties in implementing even modest programs of justice reform, let alone significant transformations in judiciary governance. For this purpose, it has chosen to bring in “international” actors with a constitutional role in the judiciary apparatus. The constitutionally established operation composed by internationals has been “subcontracted” to manage and oversee the process of appointment and dismissal of judges and prosecutors. Based on fieldwork and using an adapted model of hybridization, the article examines the complex mix of national and international dynamics that were combined to produce a hybrid or composite regime in the judiciary of Albania.
Purchase
Buy instant access (PDF download and unlimited online access):
Institutional Login
Log in with Open Athens, Shibboleth, or your institutional credentials
Personal login
Log in with your brill.com account
ABCnews.al. “Nga legalizimi i kanabisit, certifikata e vaksinimit e ‘Ballkani i Hapur,’ si u janë përgjigjur qytetarët 12 pyetjeve të Ramës” [From the legalization of cannabis, the “Open Balka” vaccination certificate, how the citizens answered Rama’s 12 questions]. 7 April 2022.
Bagayoko, Niagale, Eboe Hutchful, and Robin Luckham. “Hybrid Security Governance in Africa: Rethinking the Foundations of Security, Justice and Legitimate Public Authority.” Conflict, Security and Development 16 (1) (2016), 1–32. DOI 10.1080/14678802.2016.1136137.
Baker, Bruce. “Linking State and Non-State Security and Justice.” Development Policy Review 28 (5) (2010), 597–616. DOI 10.1111/j.1467–7679.2010.00500.x.
Belloni, Roberto. “Hybrid Peace Governance: Its Emergence and Significance.” Global Governance 18 (1) (2012), 21–38. DOI 10.1163/19426720-01801004.
Bertelsmann Stiftung. Albania—Bertelsmann Transformation Index (Gütersloh: Bertelsmann Stiftung, 2003).
Bertelsmann Stiftung. Albania—Bertelsmann Transformation Index (Gütersloh: Bertelsmann Stiftung, 2008).
Bertelsmann Stiftung. Albania—Bertelsmann Transformation Index (Gütersloh: Bertelsmann Stiftung, 2012).
Bertelsmann Stiftung. Albania—Bertelsmann Transformation Index (Gütersloh: Bertelsmann Stiftung, 2016).
Bertelsmann Stiftung. Albania—Bertelsmann Transformation Index (Gütersloh: Bertelsmann Stiftung, 2018).
Bertelsmann Stiftung. Albania—Bertelsmann Transformation Index (Gütersloh: Bertelsmann Stiftung, 2020).
Bertelsmann Stiftung. Albania—Bertelsmann Transformation Index (Gütersloh: Bertelsmann Stiftung, 2022).
Calavera, Genoveva Ruiz. To Whomever It May Concern: Explanatory Note (Brussels: EEAS, 2017).
Chandler, David. International Statebuilding: The Rise of Post-Liberal Governance (London: Routledge, 2010).
Ciorciari, John D., and Stephen D. Krasner. “Contracting Out, Legitimacy, and State Building.” Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding 12 (4) (2018), 484–505. DOI 10.1080/17502977.2018.1499198.
Clements, Kevin P., Volker Boege, Anne Brown, Wendy Foley, and Anna Nolan. “Statebuilding Reconsidered: The Role of Hybridity in the Formation of Political Order.” Political Science 59 (1) (2007), 45–56. DOI 10.1177/003231870705900106.
Constitution of the Republic of Albania. Law no. 76/2016 (22 July 2016).
Crook, Richard C., Kojo P. Asante, and Victor K. Brobbey. “Popular Concepts of Justice and Hybrid Judicial Institutions in Ghana.” IDS Bulletin 42 (2) (2011), 64–75.
The Economist. Democracy Index (London: The Economist, 2021).
EEAS (European External Action Service). “Chair’s Press Points following the Constitutive Meeting of the IMO Management Board.” Tirana, EEAS, 8 February 2017a.
EEAS. “Joint Press Release Announcing the Constitution of the International Monitoring Operation Management Board.” Tirana, EEAS, 8 February 2017b.
EEAS. “Most Frequently Asked Questions on the International Monitoring Operation (IMO)” (e: EEAS, 8 February 2017c).
Elbasani, Arolda, and Senada Šelo Šabić. “Rule of Law, Corruption and Democratic Accountability in the Course of EU Enlargement.” Journal of European Public Policy 25 (9) (2018), 1317–1335. DOI 10.1080/13501763.2017.1315162.
Euralius. Justice Reform Albania (Tirana: Euralius, 2020).
European Commission. Albania—Progress Report (Brussels: European Commission, 2011).
European Western Balkans. “Calavera: All Prosecutors to Be Subjected to Vetting.” 20 November 2017.
Freedom House. Albania—Nations in Transit (Washington, DC: Freedom House, 2008).
Freedom House. Albania—Nations in Transit (Washington, DC: Freedom House, 2010).
Freedom House. Albania—Nations in Transit (Washington, DC: Freedom House, 2014).
Freedom House. Albania—Nations in Transit (Washington, DC: Freedom House, 2015).
Freedom House. Albania—Nations in Transit (Washington, DC: Freedom House, 2016).
Freedom House. Albania—Nations in Transit (Washington, DC: Freedom House, 2017).
Freedom House. Albania—Nations in Transit (Washington, DC: Freedom House, 2018).
Freedom House. Albania—Nations in Transit (Washington, DC: Freedom House, 2021).
Hahn, Johannes. “Letter by Commissioner Hahn to PM Rama, in Reply to the Letters from Ministers Gjosha and Vasili regarding the International Monitoring Operation (IMO)” (Tirana: EEAS, 2017).
IDM (Institute for Democracy and Mediation). Public Opinion Poll: Trust in Governance (Tirana: IDM, 2019).
IDRA (Institute for Development, Research and Alternatives). Korrupsioni në Shqipëri: Perceptime dhe Përvoja, 2015–2016 [Corruption in Albania: Perceptions and Experiences] (Tirana: IDRA, 2016).
Jackson, Paul. “Decentralized Power and Traditional Authorities: How Power Determines Access to Justice in Sierra Leone.” Journal of Legal Pluralism and Unofficial Law 43 (63) (2001), 207–230. DOI 10.1080/07329113.2011.10756662.
Justin, Peter Hakim, and Willemijn Verkoren. “Hybrid Governance in South Sudan: The Negotiated State in Practice.” Peacebuilding 10 (1) (2021), 17–36. DOI 10.1080/21647259.2021.1917186.
Kapidžić, Damir. “Public Authority beyond Hybrid Governance: Creating throughput Legitimacy in Northern Uganda.” Peacebuilding 6 (2) (2018), 127–143. DOI 10.1080/21647259.2018.1449187.
Kumar, Chetan, and Jos De la Haye. “Hybrid Peacemaking: Building National ‘Infrastructures for Peace.’” Global Governance 18 (1) (2012), 13–20. DOI 10.1163/19426720-01801003.
Kuvendi i Shqipërisë. Analizë e Sistemit të Drejtësisë në Shqipëri [Analysis of Justice System in Albania] (Tirana: Kuvendi i Shqipërisë, 2015).
Likmeta, Besar. “Albania Judicial Appointments Cause Controversy.” Balkan Insight, 8 July 2013.
Luckham, Robin, and Tom Kirk. “Understanding Security in the Vernacular in Hybrid Political Contexts: A Critical Survey.” Conflict, Security and Development 13 (3) (2013), 339–359. DOI 10.1080/14678802.2013.811053.
Mac Ginty, Roger. “Hybrid Governance: The Case of Georgia.” Global Governance 19 (3) (2013), 443–461. DOI 10.1163/19426720-01903006.
Mac Ginty, Roger, and Richmond, Oliver P. “The Fallacy of Constructing Hybrid Political Orders: A Reappraisal of the Hybrid Turn in Peacebuilding.” International Peacekeeping 23 (2) (2016), 219–239. DOI 10.1080/13533312.2015.1099440.
MCC (Millennium Challenge Corporation). Rule of Law Indicator (Washington DC: MCC, 2022).
Millar, Gearoid. “Disaggregating Hybridity: Why Hybrid Institutions Do Not Produce Predictable Experiences of Peace.” Journal of Peace Research 51 (4) (2014), 501–514. DOI 10.1177/0022343313519465.
Nadarajah, Suthaharan, and David Rampton. “The Limits of Hybridity and the Crisis of Liberal Peace.” Review of International Studies 41 (1) (2015), 49–72. DOI 10.1017/S0260210514000060.
Newby, Vanessa F. “Positive Hybridity? Unpacking UN Security Sector Reform in South Lebanon.” Contemporary Politics 23 (2) (2016), 156–174. DOI 10.1080/13569775.2016.1233756.
Peterson, Jenny H. “A Conceptual Unpacking of Hybridity: Accounting for Notions of Power, Politics and Progress in Analyses of Aid-Driven Interfaces.” Journal of Peacebuilding and Development 7 (2) (2012), 9–22. DOI 10.1080/15423166.2012.742802.
Richmond, Oliver P. “The Dilemmas of a Hybrid Peace: Negative or Positive?” Cooperation and Conflict 50 (1) (2015), 50–68. DOI 10.1177/0010836714537053.
Roberts, David. “Hybrid Polities and Indigenous Pluralities: Advanced Lessons in Statebuilding.” Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding 2 (1) (2008), 63–86. DOI 10.1080/17502970701592298.
Vetting Law. Ligj për Rivlerësimin Kalimtar të Gjyqtarëve dhe Prokurorëve në Republikën e Shqipërisë. Law no. 84/2016 (30 August 2016).
WEF (World Economic Forum). Global Competitiveness Index—Judicial Independence (Geneva: WEF, 2018).
World Bank. Justice and Development (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2022).
All Time | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 77 | 77 | 10 |
Full Text Views | 10 | 10 | 1 |
PDF Views & Downloads | 123 | 123 | 4 |
This article examines strategies used in coping with domestic legitimacy crises in Albania. In these crises, blending national with international governance became a resource for governance interventions. Although prevailing approaches to state building and to judiciary governance have continued to follow Westphalian or Weberian paradigms, which characterize the state by its monopoly over judicial authority, Albania has faced difficulties in implementing even modest programs of justice reform, let alone significant transformations in judiciary governance. For this purpose, it has chosen to bring in “international” actors with a constitutional role in the judiciary apparatus. The constitutionally established operation composed by internationals has been “subcontracted” to manage and oversee the process of appointment and dismissal of judges and prosecutors. Based on fieldwork and using an adapted model of hybridization, the article examines the complex mix of national and international dynamics that were combined to produce a hybrid or composite regime in the judiciary of Albania.
All Time | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 77 | 77 | 10 |
Full Text Views | 10 | 10 | 1 |
PDF Views & Downloads | 123 | 123 | 4 |