The Colors of Sound: Poikilia and Its Aesthetic Contexts*
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Abstract
Poikilos and poikilia are, respectively, an adjective and a noun commonly used to describe characteristics of both visual and aural phenomena. But how do the two uses (as term of color and term of sound) relate to each other, and does poikilos metaphorically describe the “colors” of sounds? In examining the semantics and ideological connotations of poikilos and poikilia, as well as the contribution they make to an archaeology of the senses, this paper reflects on the connection between senses, language, experience and representation. It argues for a transformation, between the archaic and late classical period, in the way poikilos is used to qualify aspects of the musical experience. In archaic and early classical poetry, poikilos captures, rather than a specific feature of sound, a certain mode of relationship with an object, a rapt pleasure in the experience of the beauty of the object through all senses. Later uses of poikilos however, especially in connection with the New Music, rely on the (negative) ideological, rather than sensual, dimension of the term, while technical musical vocabulary adopts the metaphor of colors (chrōmata) to describe specific features of music and sound.
Poikilos e poikilia sono, rispettivamente, un aggettivo e un nome comunemente usati per descrivere caratteristiche di fenomeni sia visivi che uditivi. Ma come si relazionano tra loro questi due usi (quale termine coloristico e quale termine uditivo) e possiamo affermare che poikilos descrive metaforicamente i ‘colori’ dei suoni? Nell’esaminare la semantica e le connotazioni ideologiche di poikilos e poikilia, e il contributo che essi forniscono ad un archeologia dei sensi, questo lavoro riflette sulle connessioni tra sensi, linguaggio, esperienza e rappresentazione, argomentando a favore di una trasformazione, tra il periodo arcaico e tardo classico, delle modalità con cui poikilos è usato per descrivere aspetti dell’esperienza musicale. Nella poesia arcaica e nella prima età classica, poikilos rende, più che una specifica caratteristica del suono, un certo modo di relazionarsi con un oggetto, un piacere estasiato nell’esperienza della bellezza dell’oggetto attraverso tutti i sensi. Usi più tardi di poikilos, invece, specialmente in relazione alla Nuova Musica, poggiano sulla dimensione ideologica (negativa), più che sensoriale, del termine, mentre il vocabolario tecnico musicale adotta la metafora dei colori (chrōmata) per descrivere specifiche caratteristiche musicali e sonore.
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Ackerman D. A Natural History of the Senses 1990 New York
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Allan W. Commentary to Euripides’ Helen 2004 Cambridge
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Barker A. Gentili B. & Perusino F. Heterophonia and Poikilia: Accompaniments to Greek melody Mousike: metrica ritmica e musica greca: in memoria di Giovanni Comotti 1995 Pisa and Rome 41 60
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Barker A. Tuplin C. & Rihll T. Words for Sounds Science and Mathematics in Ancient Greek Culture 2002 Oxford/New York 22 35
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Berardi E. , Lisi F. & Micalella D. Poikilia Variazioni sul tema 2009 Rome
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Bettini M. Voci. Antropologia sonora del mondo antico 2008 Turin
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Biggam P. The Semantics of Colour: a Historical Approach 2012 Cambridge
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Cazelles B. Soundscape in Early French Literature 2005 Tempe
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Christopoulos M. , Karakantza E. & Levaniouk O. Light and Darkness in Ancient Greek Myth and Religion 2010 Lanham
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Conacher D. Euripides and the Sophists Some Dramatic Treatments of Philosophical Ideas 1998 London
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Csapo E. Murray P. & Wilson P. The Politics of the New Music Music and the Muses: the Culture of ‘mousike’ in the Classical Athenian City 2004 Oxford/New York 207 248
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Csapo E. & Wilson P. Budelmann F. Timotheus the New Musician Cambridge Companion to Greek Lyric 2009 Cambridge 277 293
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Détienne M. & Vernant J.-P. Les Ruses de l’intelligence, la Mètis des Grecs 1974 Paris
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Fèbvre L. La Sensibilité et l’histoire. Comment reconstituer la vie affective d’autrefois? Annales d’histoire sociale 1941 3 5 20
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Ferrini M. [Aristotele] I colori e i suoni 2008 Milan
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Howes D. Empire of the Senses: the Sensual Culture Reader 2005 Oxford
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Ihde D. Listening and Voice: A Phenomenology of Sound 1976 Athens, OH
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Irwin E. Colour Terms in Greek Poetry 1960 London
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Jütte R. A History of the Senses: from Antiquity to Cyberspace 2005 Cambridge
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Kaimio M. Characterization of Sound in Early Greek Literature 1977 Helsinki
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McLuhan M. & Ong W. The Gutenberg Galaxy: the Making of Typographic Man 1962 Toronto
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Meriani A. Review of Rocconi 2003 Aestimatio 2010 7 90 126
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Montiglio S. Silence in the Land of Logos 2000 Princeton
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Pastoureau M. Bleu Histoire d’une couleur 2000 Paris
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Peponi A-E. Frontiers of Pleasure. Models of Aesthetic Response in Archaic and Classical Greek Thought 2012 Oxford
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Porter J. The Origins of Aesthetic Thought in Ancient Greece: Matter, Sensation and Experience 2010 Cambridge
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Porter J. Butler S. & Purves A. Why are there Nine Muses? The Other Senses: Antiquity Beyond the Visual Paradigm forthcoming London
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Rocconi E. Le parole delle Muse. La formazione del lessico tecnico musicale nella Grecia antica 2003 Rome
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Rocconi E. Hickmann E. & Eichmann R. Colours in Music: Metaphoric Musical Language in Greek Antiquity Music-Archaeological Sources: Excavated Finds, Oral Transmission, Written Evidence 2004 Rahden/Westfalen 29 34
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Schafer R. Murray The Soundscape: our Sonic Environment and the Tuning of the World 1977 Rochester
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Serres M. Les Cinq Sens 1985 Paris
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4
Bettini 2008, 3-7.
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6
A dragon/snake: Alcm. fr.1.66, Pi. P.8.46, P.10.46; a bird: Pi. P.4.249, Alc. fr.345.2; a horse: Pi. P.2.8.
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11
Rocconi 2003, 69-77 and 2004 for musical vocabulary metaphorically borrowed from the visual realm; Grand-Clément 2011 on the visual arts.
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12
Stanford 1936, 47-62 has beautiful pages on the significance of trans-sensual vocabulary for the ancient perception of beauty. While some of his statements should probably be revised in light of modern cognitive studies, others remain stimulating ways of thinking about the connection between senses and language: “Synaesthesia is on the sensuous plane what metaphor is in the sphere of words, and both are methods of corroborating by a unanimity of diversities the essential oneness of beauty and truth” (59).
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16
Rocconi 2004, 30.
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17
Stanford 1936, 43. Also Irwin (1960, 210) who asserts that “for the Greek poets of our period, then, the divisions between the senses were not barriers, requiring a conscious transfer of particular vocabulary from one to the other; instead there was an overlapping between senses such as sight and touch, so that something seen could be described naturally in terms of touch”.
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19
Smith 2007, 1. See Fèbvre 1941, Serres 1985, Ackerman 1990, Howes 2005, Jütte 2005.
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20
Schafer 1977, 10: “in the West the ear gave way to the eye as the most important gatherer of information about the time of the Renaissance, with the development of the printing press and perspective painting”; Cazelles 2005, 6: “At the basis of this distinction between the eyes and the ears lies, in reality, a distinction between the individual and the collectivity.” Smith 2007 contests the binary aspects of McLuhan and Ong’s [1962] work and builds on their insights about intersensoriality under modernity.
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24
Montiglio 2000.
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26
Wilson 1999.
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27
Détienne and Vernant 1974, 27-54.
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29
Stanford 1936. The same could be said of sympotic vase-paintings, which aim at involving not only the eye, but also the ear in representations of instruments and the effect of their music on symposiasts.
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32
Porter 2010, 197.
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35
Grand-Clément 2011, 492-3.
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Rocconi 2004, 30-3, 31 for the quotation. As she points out, this use is different from the older, non-technical, use of the term, for example Ath. 638a relating Philochorus’ description of the kithara-music of Lysander as χρώµατα εὔχροα, lovely-shaded colors.
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38
Csapo and Wilson 2009, 291-2, with further reference to Csapo 2004.
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The Colors of Sound: Poikilia and Its Aesthetic Contexts*
In: Greek and Roman Musical StudiesSearch for other papers by Pauline A. LeVen in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Abstract
Poikilos and poikilia are, respectively, an adjective and a noun commonly used to describe characteristics of both visual and aural phenomena. But how do the two uses (as term of color and term of sound) relate to each other, and does poikilos metaphorically describe the “colors” of sounds? In examining the semantics and ideological connotations of poikilos and poikilia, as well as the contribution they make to an archaeology of the senses, this paper reflects on the connection between senses, language, experience and representation. It argues for a transformation, between the archaic and late classical period, in the way poikilos is used to qualify aspects of the musical experience. In archaic and early classical poetry, poikilos captures, rather than a specific feature of sound, a certain mode of relationship with an object, a rapt pleasure in the experience of the beauty of the object through all senses. Later uses of poikilos however, especially in connection with the New Music, rely on the (negative) ideological, rather than sensual, dimension of the term, while technical musical vocabulary adopts the metaphor of colors (chrōmata) to describe specific features of music and sound.
Poikilos e poikilia sono, rispettivamente, un aggettivo e un nome comunemente usati per descrivere caratteristiche di fenomeni sia visivi che uditivi. Ma come si relazionano tra loro questi due usi (quale termine coloristico e quale termine uditivo) e possiamo affermare che poikilos descrive metaforicamente i ‘colori’ dei suoni? Nell’esaminare la semantica e le connotazioni ideologiche di poikilos e poikilia, e il contributo che essi forniscono ad un archeologia dei sensi, questo lavoro riflette sulle connessioni tra sensi, linguaggio, esperienza e rappresentazione, argomentando a favore di una trasformazione, tra il periodo arcaico e tardo classico, delle modalità con cui poikilos è usato per descrivere aspetti dell’esperienza musicale. Nella poesia arcaica e nella prima età classica, poikilos rende, più che una specifica caratteristica del suono, un certo modo di relazionarsi con un oggetto, un piacere estasiato nell’esperienza della bellezza dell’oggetto attraverso tutti i sensi. Usi più tardi di poikilos, invece, specialmente in relazione alla Nuova Musica, poggiano sulla dimensione ideologica (negativa), più che sensoriale, del termine, mentre il vocabolario tecnico musicale adotta la metafora dei colori (chrōmata) per descrivere specifiche caratteristiche musicali e sonore.
| All Time | Past 365 days | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1395 | 201 | 25 |
| Full Text Views | 365 | 12 | 1 |
| PDF Views & Downloads | 290 | 44 | 0 |