Urban Marxism and the Post-colonial Question: Henri Lefebvre and ‘Colonisation’*
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Abstract
The post-colonial has often functioned as a code word for a form of French post-theory. In more recent efforts to reconstruct linkages between metropolitan Marxism and counter-colonialism, the post-colonial refers to an open-ended research field for investigating the present weight of colonial histories. But even in these reformulations, post-colonial research presents formidable challenges to Euro-American urban Marxism. In this context, this paper redirects Henri Lefebvre’s work to analyse post-colonial situations. It traces in particular the notion of ‘colonisation’ as it develops from his critique of everyday life (which signalled an extension of his critique of alienation) to his work on the state (where the notion reappears in discussions of theories of imperialism). We argue that Lefebvre’s notion of ‘colonisation’ (which refers to multi-scalar strategies for organising territorial relations of domination) presents a promising opening to understanding the ‘colonial’ aspects of urbanisation today. Still, for this promise to be realised, Lefebvre’s notion must be refracted through dialectical-humanist counter-colonial traditions.
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1
Buck-Morss 2009, p. 16.
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6
Césaire 1961, p. 309; see also Benoit 2004; Dubois 2006; James 1989; Blackburn 2011; Linebaugh and Rediker 2000.
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11
Katznelson 1993. Of course, this book extends some of the Engelsian arguments in City Trenches (Katznelson 1981).
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12
Merrifield 2002a. See also Merrifield 2002b.
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13
Merrifield 2002a, pp. 2–4.
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14
See Jameson 1990.
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15
Castells 1977, pp. 39–63.
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16
Castells 1983, pp. 175–212.
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17
Harvey 2003a.
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18
Harvey 2001a.
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19
Harvey 2003b.
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20
Harvey 1982, pp. 413–15, 431–45; Harvey 2001b, pp. 312–44.
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21
Harvey 2003a.
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22
Berman 1982, pp. 173–286.
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23
Gilroy 1993.
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24
Berman 2006.
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25
Berman 1982, pp. 324–5; Berman 1997, pp. 161–79.
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26
Harootunian 2000.
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27
Wilson 1991.
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28
Debord 1977, 1990.
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29
Debord 1977, particularly Chapters 5–7; Debord 1981a; Debord 1981b. For a broader survey of these urban dimensions, see also Sadler 1999.
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30
Debord 1981c.
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31
Smith 1984, pp. 139–41; Smith 1991; Smith 1993.
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33
Smith 1996.
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35
Davis 2001; Davis 2006.
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36
Lefebvre 2002a, p. 270 (the quotation is from an interview conducted with Lefebvre by Kristin Ross in 1983).
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37
Parry 2002, pp. 125–6.
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38
Liauzu 2007, p. 271; Biondi 1992.
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39
Burkhard 2000, pp. 49–52, 60; Liauzu 2007, p. 166; Biondi 1992, p. 142.
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40
Hamon and Rotman 1979, pp. 108–9, 167–9.
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42
Lefebvre 2009a, pp. 296–7.
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44
Breton 1947. On the broader strands of anti-colonialism that came together in the interwar period in France, see Liauzu 2007, pp. 123–74; Dewitt 2008; Levasseur 2008; Girard 2008; Stora 1992, pp. 23–59; Ndiaye 2009; Brennan 2002; Hayes Edwards 2003; Stovall 1996, Chapters 2–3; Wilder 2003.
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45
Anderson 1995, pp. 194–7.
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46
Liauzu 2007, pp. 146–63.
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47
Lefebvre 1973, p. 9.
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49
Lefebvre 2002b, p. 270.
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51
Debord 1981d, p. 70
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52
Lefebvre 2002a, p. 110.
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53
Lefebvre 2002b, p. 316.
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54
Lichtner 2010.
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55
Lefebvre 2008, p. 26.
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56
Lefebvre 1995, pp. 195–6.
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57
Lefebvre 2002b, p. 316.
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58
Gregory 1994, p. 403.
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60
Stanek 2011.
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61
Lefebvre 1970a, pp. 109–28.
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63
Lefebvre 1971d, pp. 144–5.
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64
Lefebvre 1971d, pp. 123, 189.
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65
Lefebvre 1970b, p. 106.
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66
Lefebvre 2002b, p. 67.
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67
Lefebvre 2009e.
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68
Lefebvre 1991a, p. 76.
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70
Lefebvre 2009e, pp. 4–5.
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71
McLeod 1997, pp. 18–19; Ross 1995, pp. 79–81, 89; Massey 1994.
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72
Lefebvre 2002b, pp. 11–15, 80–7, 210–12, 222–3; Lefebvre 2003a, pp. 100–6.
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73
Lefebvre 1971d, p. 74; Lefebvre 1970b, p. 103.
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74
Lefebvre 1991a, pp. 34–5, 99, 262; Lefebvre 1991b, pp. 49–50.
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75
Lefebvre 1991a, p. 43.
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76
Lefebvre 1976a, p. 85.
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77
Lefebvre 1978, p. 165.
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78
Lefebvre 2003b; Lefebvre 2009d.
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81
Schmidt 1990; Schmid 2005.
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82
Goswami 2004.
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83
Lefebvre 1976c, p. 422.
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84
Lefebvre 1978, pp. 113–14.
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85
Lefebvre 1977, pp. 87–8.
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86
Lefebvre 1977, p. 122. On this point, Lefebvre is on the same wavelength as Harvey and his work on accumulation by dispossession (Harvey 2003a)
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87
Lefebvre 1976c, p. 261.
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88
Lefebvre 1977, p. 114.
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89
Lefebvre 1976c, p. 310.
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90
Lefebvre 1976c, p. 120.
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91
Lefebvre 1976c, p. 327.
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92
Lefebvre 1976c, p. 310.
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93
Lefebvre 1977, pp. 18–19. This is also the point at which Luxemburg’s notion of the state and politics reaches its limits. While her understanding of original accumulation rightfully insists that ‘political force is inherent in social and economic relations’ (Lefebvre 1976b, p. xxx), her neglect of centre-and-periphery relations within metropolitan social space partly explains why she ‘does not entirely escape Gramsci’s accusation of economism and spontaneism’ (Lefebvre 1976b, p. 327).
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94
Lefebvre 1978, pp. 173–4.
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96
Lefebvre 1978, pp. 237–8.
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97
Lefebvre 1978, pp. 380–2.
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98
Lefebvre 1978, p. 310.
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99
Lefebvre 1978, pp. 308–9.
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100
Lefebvre 1980, pp. 151–6.
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101
Lefebvre 2003c, pp. 77–102.
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102
Lefebvre 1978, pp. 170–1.
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105
Lefebvre 1978, p. 178.
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107
Lefebvre 1978, p. 180.
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108
Lefebvre 1978, pp. 308–9.
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109
Lefebvre 1978, pp. 174–5, 183
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110
Lefebvre 1978, pp. 84, 186.
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111
Lefebvre 2003c.
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112
Lefebvre 1976a, p. 115–16.
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113
Lefebvre 2003c, p. 113.
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114
Lefebvre 1978, pp. 237–8.
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115
Lefebvre 1978, p. 247.
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116
Lefebvre 1968a, p. 45
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117
Lefebvre 1968a, p. 103
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118
Lefebvre 2009b, p. 145
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119
Situationist International 1981a, 1981b.
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121
Lefebvre 1968a, p. 103; Lefebvre 1996, p. 144.
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122
Lefebvre 1996, p. 195.
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123
Lefebvre 1972a, pp. 130–1.
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124
Lefebvre 1972a, p. 130.
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125
Lefebvre 2009c, p. 181.
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126
Lefebvre 1972c, pp. 257–8.
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128
Lefebvre 1972d, pp. 276–8.
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129
Lefebvre 1972c, pp. 258–9.
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131
Lefebvre 1972c, p. 257.
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132
Lefebvre 2003c, p. 21.
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133
Lefebvre 1972c, p. 259.
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134
Lefebvre 1968a, p. 103.
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135
Lefebvre 2003c, p. 113.
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136
Lefebvre 2003c, p. 146.
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137
Lefebvre 1978, p. 207; Lefebvre 1970h, pp. 182–3.
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138
Lefebvre 2009a, p. 301 See also Brenner and Elden 2009, p. 8.
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139
Lefebvre 1976d, p. 125.
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140
Lefebvre 1978, p. 330.
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141
Lefebvre 1978, pp. 331–9.
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142
As Robert Bernasconi (Bernasconi 1997, p. 213) has argued more generally, even critics of Eurocentric philosophy have a tendency to return to the very ‘paradoxically parochial’ conceptions of the history of ‘Western philosophy’ that inform such intellectual Eurocentrism.
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144
Lefebvre 2002b, p. 316.
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145
Müller 2001, pp. 9–11.
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146
Lefebvre 1970h, pp. 182–3.
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147
Lefebvre 1972b, p. 75; Lefebvre 2008, pp. 111–12.
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148
Césaire 1972.
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149
Sartre 1982, 2001.
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150
Memmi 1991.
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151
Fanon 1967, 2004.
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154
Ross 1995.
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156
Balandier 2002, p. 4.
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157
Lefebvre 1971b, p. 129.
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158
Parry 2002, p. 126.
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159
Coronil 2000; Hart 2006.
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161
Roy 2009.
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162
Davis 2004; Mendieta 2008.
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163
Kipfer and Goonewardena 2007.
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165
Harvey 2003a; Smith 2005.
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166
Smith 2003, pp. 24–5.
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167
Harvey 2003a, pp. 101–15.
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168
Gregory 2004.
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Urban Marxism and the Post-colonial Question: Henri Lefebvre and ‘Colonisation’*
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Abstract
The post-colonial has often functioned as a code word for a form of French post-theory. In more recent efforts to reconstruct linkages between metropolitan Marxism and counter-colonialism, the post-colonial refers to an open-ended research field for investigating the present weight of colonial histories. But even in these reformulations, post-colonial research presents formidable challenges to Euro-American urban Marxism. In this context, this paper redirects Henri Lefebvre’s work to analyse post-colonial situations. It traces in particular the notion of ‘colonisation’ as it develops from his critique of everyday life (which signalled an extension of his critique of alienation) to his work on the state (where the notion reappears in discussions of theories of imperialism). We argue that Lefebvre’s notion of ‘colonisation’ (which refers to multi-scalar strategies for organising territorial relations of domination) presents a promising opening to understanding the ‘colonial’ aspects of urbanisation today. Still, for this promise to be realised, Lefebvre’s notion must be refracted through dialectical-humanist counter-colonial traditions.
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