Book review: Ceti medi senza futuro? Scritti, appunti sul lavoro e altro, written by Sergio Bologna
Book review: Vita da freelance. I lavoratori della conoscenza e il loro futuro, written by Sergio Bologna and Dario Banfi
Book review: Felici e sfruttati. Capitalismo digitale ed eclissi del lavoro, written by Carlo Formenti
In: Historical Materialism
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This paper reviews the recent writing of Sergio Bologna and Carlo Formenti. These authors are proposed as post-workerist dissenters with respect to Hardt and Negri’s conceptualisation of contemporary capitalism. Therefore, while the latter has risen to prominence within Anglo-American academia as the radical (post-workerist) account of the political economy of the knowledge economy, the work of Bologna and Formenti is here presented as providing alternative accounts of contemporary capitalism and its dynamics. In doing so, this work challenges the Anglo-American reception of post-operaismo. However, these analyses are also assessed by showing the many similarities they share with Hardt and Negri’s account (not least with respect to the category of class composition). These similarities are argued to pose immanent limits, impeding this post-workerist dissent’s ability to carry operaismo beyond Hardt and Negri.
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2
Hardt and Negri 2000, 2004, 2009.
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3
Camfield 2007.
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4
Toscano 2007; Vercellone 2007a.
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5
See, for example, Dyer-Witheford 1994, 1999; Cleaver 2000.
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6
Which, according to Tronti 2009, p. 7, spans from the birth of the journal Quaderni Rossi in 1961 to the death of the journal Classe Operaia in 1967.
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8
Hardt and Negri 2000.
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10
See for instance Marazzi 2008, 2011a, 2011b; Fumagalli and Mezzadra (eds.) 2010; Roggero 2011.
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11
Panzieri 1976a; Tronti 2006.
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12
Panzieri 1976b, 1980; Tronti 1972a, 1972b, 1973, 1979a, 1979b.
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15
Bologna 2007. Though Turchetto 2008 (p. 288), relying on Palano, attributes paternity to Alquati 1962.
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18
Bologna 2007, pp. 35–6, 127–8, 159–63; cf. Bologna and Fumagalli 1997.
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20
Bologna and Fumagalli 1997.
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21
Bologna 1997a.
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22
Bologna 1997b.
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25
Bologna 2007, especially, though not exclusively, ‘L’undicesima tesi’, pp. 55–107.
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26
Bologna and Banfi 2011. Processes which see Bologna and his co-author Banfi, also a freelance consultant, strongly involved through active militancy in the Associazione Consulenti Terziario Avanzato, <www.actainrete.it>.
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27
Bologna 2007, p. 128.
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28
Bologna 2007, p. 242.
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29
Bologna 2007, p. 91.
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30
Cuninghame 2000, p. 98.
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31
Bologna 2007, pp. 15–16. Thus, Bologna’s account echoes common understandings of precarious employment relations as characteristic of the last four decades. However, these have been a ‘pervasive feature of labour markets in developed countries since the first industrial revolution, apart from a brief interregnum’ in the thirty years following the Second World War (Quinlan 2012, p. 19).
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32
Bologna 2007, p. 13.
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33
Bologna 2007, pp. 15–16.
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34
Bologna 2007, p. 15.
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35
Bologna 2007, pp. 30–1.
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36
Bologna 2007, pp. 166–7.
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37
Bologna and Banfi 2011, p. 24, and, in greater detail, Chapter 3.
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39
Bologna 2007, p. 159.
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40
Bologna 2007, p. 126.
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41
Bologna 2007, p. 48.
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42
Bologna 2007, p. 70.
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43
Bologna and Fumagalli 1997.
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44
Bologna 2007, p. 35. Bologna clearly and cautiously states that, in doing so, he never thought the mass worker and second-generation autonomous work as exhaustive of, respectively, the entire working class and post-Fordist labour force (p. 35); further, he sees the second-generation autonomous worker as ‘a compromise figure’ which ‘will never overturn the system’ (p. 36). Regardless of Bologna’s intentions, though, these figures have acquired a paradigmatic character of their own within operaismo and post-operaismo, as discussed in the fourth section.
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45
Bologna 2007, pp. 63–4.
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46
Bologna 2007, p. 65.
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47
Bologna and Banfi 2011, p. 20.
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48
Bologna 2007, p. 161.
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50
Bologna 2007, p. 162.
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51
Bologna 2007, p. 70.
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52
Bologna and Banfi 2011, pp. 181–4.
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53
Bologna 2007, p. 92.
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55
Bologna 2007, p. 108.
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57
Bologna 2007, p. 111.
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60
Bologna 2007, p. 101.
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61
Bologna 2007, p. 127; cf. Bologna 1997b.
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62
Bologna 2007, p. 95.
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64
Bologna 2007, pp. 82–91, 95.
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65
Bologna 2007, p. 95.
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66
Bologna 2007, pp. 105–6.
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67
Bologna 2007, p. 97.
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68
Bologna 2007, pp. 96–7.
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69
Bologna and Banfi 2011, p. 12.
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70
Bologna and Banfi 2011, pp. 10–11.
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71
Bologna and Banfi 2011, p. 11.
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72
Bologna and Banfi 2011, p. 12.
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73
Bologna and Banfi 2011, p. 19.
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74
Bologna 2007, p. 14.
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75
Bologna 2007, p. 20.
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76
Bologna and Banfi 2011, p. 19.
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77
Bologna and Banfi 2011, p. 20.
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79
Bologna and Banfi 2011, p. 21.
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81
Bologna and Banfi 2011, p. 26.
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82
Bologna and Banfi 2011, p. 27.
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83
Bologna and Banfi 2011, p. 28.
-
84
Bologna and Banfi 2011, p. 26.
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85
Bologna and Banfi 2011, p. 27.
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88
Bologna and Banfi 2011, pp. 28–9.
-
89
Bologna and Banfi 2011, p. 32.
-
90
Bologna and Banfi 2011, p. 27.
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91
Bologna and Banfi 2011, pp. 32–8.
-
92
Bologna and Banfi 2011, p. 40.
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93
Bologna and Banfi 2011, p. 21.
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94
Bologna and Banfi 2011, p. 43.
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95
Bologna 2007, p. 19.
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96
Bologna 2007, p. 12.
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97
Bologna 2007, p. 14.
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98
Bologna 2007, p. 19.
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99
Bologna 2007, p. 21.
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100
Bologna and Banfi 2011, p. 43.
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101
Bologna and Banfi 2011, p. 227.
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103
Bologna and Banfi 2011, p. 44.
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105
Formenti 2011, p. ix.
-
106
Respectively, Formenti 2000, 2002, 2008.
-
107
Formenti 2008, p. ix.
-
108
Formenti 2008, pp. ix–x.
-
109
Formenti 2008, p. x.
-
110
Formenti 2011, p. xi.
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111
Formenti 2008, p. xi.
-
112
Formenti 2011, p. xi.
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113
Formenti 2011, p. ix.
-
114
Formenti 2011, p. 74.
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115
Formenti 2011, p. 83.
-
116
Formenti 2011, pp. 13–44.
-
117
Formenti 2011, p. 13.
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118
Formenti 2011, p. 18.
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119
Formenti 2011, pp. 13–18.
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120
Formenti 2011, p. 18.
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121
Formenti 2011, pp. 18–26.
-
122
Formenti 2011, p. 26.
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123
Formenti 2011, p. 32.
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124
Formenti 2011, p. 38; cf. Castells 2009.
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125
Formenti 2011, pp. 47–77.
-
126
Formenti 2011, p. 47.
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127
Formenti 2011, p. 49.
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128
Formenti 2011, p. 148. See, for example, Carr 2010, but also Lucas 2012 for a Marxist critique of this type of contemporary McLuhanite analysis.
-
129
Formenti 2011, p. 58.
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130
Formenti 2011, p. 60.
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131
Formenti 2011, pp. 60–7.
-
132
Formenti 2011, pp. 68–74.
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133
Formenti 2011, p. 64. The concept of ‘lock-in’ of technical standards, together with path dependence and network externalities, originates in the work of Paul David (1985) (amongst others). These concepts have risen to such prominence in the literature on technology and innovation (in its academic, business and popular variants) as to have become common wisdom. Thus, the concept can be summoned by Formenti without his providing a reference for it, simply absorbed through his engagement with the literature on the politics of the internet. However, as argued below, the acceptance of this common wisdom is deleterious for Formenti’s own analysis.
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134
Formenti 2011, p. 73.
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135
Formenti 2011, p. 70.
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136
Formenti 2011, p. 74.
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137
Formenti 2011, p. 145.
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138
Formenti 2011, p. 83.
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139
Formenti 2011, pp. 83–4.
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140
Formenti 2011, p. 84.
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142
Formenti 2011, p. 85.
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143
Formenti 2011, p. 87.
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145
Formenti 2011, p. 88.
-
146
Formenti 2011, pp. 88–90.
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147
Formenti 2011, p. 90.
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148
Formenti 2011, pp. 90–1.
-
149
Formenti 2011, p. 91.
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150
Formenti 2011, p. 90.
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151
Formenti 2011, p. 91.
-
152
Formenti 2011, p. 92.
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153
Formenti 2011, p. 90.
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154
Formenti 2011, p. 92. As should be obvious from the previous section, Bologna’s argument and trajectory straddle both the discourses and (some of) the attendant perspectives discussed in this paragraph.
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155
Formenti 2011, pp. 94–104.
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156
Formenti 2011, p. 94.
-
157
Formenti 2011, p. 95. Formenti does not indicate whether the term ‘subjectivation’ should be interpreted as a neologism of his own coining, or whether it refers to the notion as developed and understood within French poststructuralism. Either way, more clarity on this concept and its use would have been useful, especially given Formenti’s own professed aim and prospect of ‘ “parenthesising” the thought of Michel Foucault’ (Formenti 2011, p. 147), see below.
-
158
Formenti 2011, p. 95.
-
163
Formenti 2011, p. 96.
-
165
Formenti 2011, pp. 96–7.
-
166
Formenti 2011, p. 97.
-
168
Formenti 2011, p. 98.
-
169
See, for example, Virno 2007.
-
170
Formenti 2011, p. 98.
-
172
Formenti 2011, p. 99.
-
175
Formenti 2011, p. 100.
-
176
Formenti 2011, p. 111. See, for example, Vercellone 2007b.
-
177
Formenti 2011, p. 99.
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178
Formenti 2011, p. 100.
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179
Formenti 2011, p. 101.
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180
Formenti 2011, p. 102.
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183
Formenti 2011, p. 102.
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184
Formenti 2011, p. 103.
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186
Ibid.; cf. Formenti 2008.
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187
Formenti 2011, p. 104.
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189
Formenti 2011, p. 147.
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190
Formenti 2011, p. 148.
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191
Formenti 2011, p. 147.
-
192
Formenti 2011, pp. 107–19. Similarly, Formenti 2012.
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193
Formenti 2011, p. 108.
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194
Formenti 2011, p. 109.
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195
Formenti 2011, p. 110.
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196
Formenti 2011, p. 112.
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197
Formenti 2011, p. 113.
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198
Formenti 2011, p. 115.
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200
Formenti 2011, p. 116.
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202
Formenti 2011, p. 117.
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203
Formenti 2011, p. 119.
-
205
Florida 2002.
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206
Formenti 2011, pp. 120–1.
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207
Formenti 2011, p. 122.
-
208
Formenti 2002.
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209
Formenti 2011, p. 122.
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211
Formenti 2011, p. 123.
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212
Formenti 2011, p. 124.
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215
Formenti 2011, p. 125.
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217
Formenti 2011, p. 126.
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218
Formenti 2011, p. 127.
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219
Formenti 2011, p. 128.
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220
Formenti 2011, pp. 128–38.
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221
Formenti 2011, p. 137.
-
222
Formenti 2011, p. 138.
-
223
Wright 2002.
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225
Formenti 2011, p. 257.
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228
Formenti 2011, p. 101.
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229
Formenti 2011, p. 122.
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230
Bologna 2007, p. 241.
-
231
Formenti 2011, p. 138.
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232
Bologna 2007, p. 70.
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233
Bologna 2007, p. 35.
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234
Bologna 2007, p. 65.
-
235
Huws 2003, p. 168.
-
236
Basso 2003.
-
237
Thompson 2010, p. 10.
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238
Durand 2007, p. 5.
-
240
Burgio 1999, pp. 96–7.
-
241
Clarke 1990.
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242
Bologna 1992, p. 19, quoted in De Angelis 1993, p. 172.
-
243
Marx 1993, p. 463.
-
244
See, for example, Vercellone 2007a.
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245
Quinlan 2012.
-
246
Hardt and Negri 2000, 2004, 2009; Camfield 2007.
-
247
Bologna 2007, pp. 105–6.
-
248
Bologna and Banfi 2011, p. 32.
-
249
See Heilbroner 1999.
-
250
Documented in: Bologna 1997b, 2007.
-
251
Bologna 2007, p. 242. For Bologna, this would be the main reason for having precluded post-operaismo from serious consideration of second-generation autonomous work as a political subject (p. 242); further, if the capacity to generate conflict successfully is to be retained as a defining feature of political subjects, only the segment of the working class occupied in the logistics sector would qualify today as a ‘last area of manual work able to respond to the classical’ dictates of operaismo, as it ‘retains still intact the power of interruption of a productive cycle’ within post-Fordism (p. 90).
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252
Formenti 2011, pp. 145–6.
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253
Formenti 2011, p. 146.
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254
Tapscott and Williams 2008, p. 1.
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255
Formenti 2011, p. 58.
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256
Toffler 1980.
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See Tapscott and Williams 2008.
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Fuchs 2009, p. 397.
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See Smythe 1977 and 2001.
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Caraway 2012, p. 695.
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Lebowitz 2009, p. 218.
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264
Ritzer and Jurgenson 2010, p. 31.
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Ritzer, Dean and Jurgenson 2012, p. 383. Similarly: Fuchs 2010b; Rey 2012; Ritzer and Jurgenson 2010.
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267
Rey 2012, p. 416.
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268
Lebowitz 2009, p. 219.
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269
Lebowitz 2009, p. 221.
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271
Lebowitz 2009, p. 222.
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272
Foley 2013, p. 260.
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273
Foley 2013, p. 264.
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274
Foley 2013, p. 265.
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276
Huws 2003, p. 152.
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277
Huws 2003, p. 17.
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Huws 2003, p. 27.
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Huws 2003, p. 54.
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Huws 2003, p. 44.
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Huws 2003, p. 65.
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Huws 2003, p. 67.
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Fine 2012, p. 451.
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284
Formenti 2011, p. 146.
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285
See Formenti 2011, pp. 107–19.
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286
Formenti 2011, p. 101.
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287
Georgescu-Roegen 1976; David 1975.
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288
David 1985.
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289
Formenti 2011, p. 138.
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291
See Donadio 2012.
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292
See Wright 2002.
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294
Tronti 2011.
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Book review: Ceti medi senza futuro? Scritti, appunti sul lavoro e altro, written by Sergio Bologna
Book review: Vita da freelance. I lavoratori della conoscenza e il loro futuro, written by Sergio Bologna and Dario Banfi
Book review: Felici e sfruttati. Capitalismo digitale ed eclissi del lavoro, written by Carlo Formenti
In: Historical Materialism
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This paper reviews the recent writing of Sergio Bologna and Carlo Formenti. These authors are proposed as post-workerist dissenters with respect to Hardt and Negri’s conceptualisation of contemporary capitalism. Therefore, while the latter has risen to prominence within Anglo-American academia as the radical (post-workerist) account of the political economy of the knowledge economy, the work of Bologna and Formenti is here presented as providing alternative accounts of contemporary capitalism and its dynamics. In doing so, this work challenges the Anglo-American reception of post-operaismo. However, these analyses are also assessed by showing the many similarities they share with Hardt and Negri’s account (not least with respect to the category of class composition). These similarities are argued to pose immanent limits, impeding this post-workerist dissent’s ability to carry operaismo beyond Hardt and Negri.
| All Time | Past 365 days | Past 30 Days | |
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