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In 2010, the Eurozone became the epicentre of the world crisis. The vulnerability of Europe appears to be linked to the specific institutional arrangement which organises monetary, financial and budgetary policies within the Eurozone. This article tries to understand the evolution of the eu during a short but decisive historical sequence (2007–12) in a theoretical framework that puts elements of Gramsci’s reflections on the theme of crisis, and especially his notion of ‘Caesarism’, at its centre. It addresses the current debate concerning the relationships between democratic politics and neoliberalism, while focusing on how the radicalisation of the crisis put at stake the co-construction of capitalism and representative democracy in the Western world since wwii.
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Aglietta Michel & Berrebi Laurent Désordres dans le capitalisme mondial 2007 Paris Odile Jacob
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Al Jazeera ‘Jin Liqun: Europe Induces “Sloth, Indolence”’ Talk to Al Jazeera 2011 December 27 available at: <http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/talktojazeera/2011/11/2011114434664695.html>
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Baehr Peter Baehr & Richter ‘Max Weber and the Avatars of Caesarism’ 2004 2004
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Baehr Peter Richter Melvin Dictatorship in History and Theory: Bonapartism, Caesarism, and Totalitarianism 2004 Cambridge Cambridge University Press
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Baker Luke ‘Exclusive: Euro Zone Paper Points to Bank Tax to Fund’ Reuters 2011 July 19 available at: <http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/07/19/us-eurozone-debt-idUSTRE76H2GB20110719>
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Bibow Jörg ‘The Euro and Its Guardian of Stability’ Levy Economics Institute working paper Nº 583 2009 available at: <http://www.levyinstitute.org/publications/?docid=1214>
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Bieler Andreas ‘Class Struggle over the eu Model of Capitalism: Neo‐Gramscian Perspectives and the Analysis of European Integration’ Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy 2005 8 4 513 526
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Bieler Andreas The Struggle for a Social Europe: Trade Unions and emu in Times of Global Restructuring 2006 Manchester Manchester University Press
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Bieler Andreas ‘Labour, New Social Movements and the Resistance to Neoliberal Restructuring in Europe’ New Political Economy 2011 16 2 163 83
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Black Jeff ‘Draghi Wins Cyprus Chicken Game in Bailouts Test Run’ Bloomberg Business 2013 March 26 available at: <http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2013-03-26/draghi-wins-cyprus-chicken-game-in-test-run-for-bigger-bailouts>
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Boyer Robert ‘The Four Fallacies of Contemporary Austerity Policies: The Lost Keynesian Legacy’ Cambridge Journal of Economics 2012 36 1 283 312
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Brender Anton & Pisani Florence Les déséquilibres financiers internationaux 2007 Paris La Découverte
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Buci-Glucksmann Christine Gramsci et l’État 1975 First Edition Paris Fayard
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Burgio Alberto Gramsci. Il sistema in movimento 2014 Rome DeriveApprodi
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Business Europe ‘Combining Fiscal Sustainability and Growth: A European Action Plan’ 2010 March available at: <http://www.businesseurope.eu/content/default.asp?PageID=568&DocID=25979>
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Carchedi Guglielmo For Another Europe: A Class Analysis of European Economic Integration 2001 London Verso
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Carchedi Guglielmo Panitch Leo & Leys Colin ‘Imperialism, Dollarization and the euro’ Socialist Register 2002: A World of Contradictions 2002 London Merlin Press
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Chaffin Joshua, Barker Alex & Hope Kerin ‘Geithner Warns eu of “Catastrophic Risk”’ FT.com 2011 September 17 available at: <http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/6006de50-e061-11e0-ba12-00144feabdc0.html#axzz1lWLlhmGI>
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Cohen Antonin Le régime politique de l’Union européenne 2014 Paris La Découverte
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Corporate Europe Observatory ‘What Are Bankers Doing Inside eu Summits?’ 2012 January 23 available at: <http://corporateeurope.org/financial-lobby/2012/01/what-are-bankers-doing-inside-eu-summits>
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Cospito Giuseppe ‘Verso l’edizione critica e integrale dei “Quaderni del carcere”’ Studi storici 2011 52 4 881 904
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D’Argenio Alberto ‘Ecco la nuova lettera di Olli Rehn: “Serve una manovra aggiuntiva”’ La Repubblica 2011 November 8 available at: <http://www.repubblica.it/economia/2011/11/08/news/ecco_la_nuova_lettera_di_olly_rhen_serve_una_manovra_aggiuntiva-24673486/>
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Davies Paul J., Atkins Ralph & Sakoui Anousha ‘ecb Moves to Cut Lending Risk’ FT.com 2008 September 5 available at: <http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/b76129ea-7aba-11dd-adbe-000077b07658.html#axzz1aPOBMhHP>
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Dobson Paul ‘Draghi Stuck with Trichet’s “Temporary” Bond Plan: Euro Credit’ Bloomberg Business 2012 January 31 available at: <http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2012-01-31/draghi-stuck-with-trichet-s-temporary-bond-plan-euro-credit>
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Duménil Gérard & Lévy Dominique ‘The Crisis of the Early 21st Century: General Interpretation, Recent Developments, and Perspectives’ Paris-Jourdan Sciences Économiques 2011 available at: <http://www.jourdan.ens.fr/levy/dle2011h.htm>
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European Commission ‘The Recapitalisation of Financial Institutions in the Current Financial Crisis: Limitation of Aid to the Minimum Necessary and Safeguards against Undue Distortions of Competition’ 2009a available at: <http://ec.europa.eu/competition/state_aid/legislation/recapitalisation_communication.pdf>
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European Commission ‘The Return to Viability and the Assessment of Restructuring Measures in the Financial Sector in the Current Crisis under the State Aid Rules’ 2009b available at: <http://ec.europa.eu/competition/state_aid/legislation/restructuring_paper_en.pdf>
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European Commission ‘Sustainability Report 2009’ Directorate-General for Economic Affairs 2009c Brussels European Economy 9/2009
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European Council ‘Statement of eu Heads of State or Government’ 2011 October 26 available at: <http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_Data/docs/pressdata/en/ec/125621.pdf>
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European Round Table of Industrialists ‘Euro Crisis: European Industry Leaders Call for Coordinated Actions to Reinforce emu’ 2011 October available at: <http://www.ert.eu/node/442>
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Financial Times ‘Europe Jobs Crisis Poses “Threat” to Social Order’ FT.com 2009 May 5 available at: <http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/09210168-390d-11de-8cfe-00144feabdc0.html#axzz1lK7eCYCK>
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Fontana Benedetto Baehr & Richter ‘The Concept of Caesarism in Gramsci’ 2004 2004
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Frosini Fabio Liguori & Voza ‘Crisi’ 2009 2009
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Glassman Jim ‘Primitive Accumulation, Accumulation by Dispossession, Accumulation by “Extra-economic” Means’ Progress in Human Geography 2006 30 5 608 625
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Gramsci Antonio Hoare Quintin & Nowell-Smith Geoffrey Selections from the Prison Notebooks of Antonio Gramsci 1971 New York International Publishers
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Gramsci Antonio Gerratana Valentino Quaderni del carcere 1975 Turin Einaudi
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Haar Kenneth, Rowell Andy & Vassalos Yiorgos ‘Would You Bank on Them?’ Corporate Europe Observatory 2009 available at: <http://corporateeurope.org/sites/default/files/sites/default/files/files/resource/wouldyoubankonthem.pdf>
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Harvey David The New Imperialism 2005 Oxford Oxford University Press
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Hope Kerin & Spiegel Peter ‘Greek Rhetoric Turns into Battle of Wills’ FT.com 2012 February 16 available at: <http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/78f9f072-5808-11e1-bf61-00144feabdc0.html#axzz1ouX8jiqu>
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Horn Laura ‘Anatomy of a “Critical Friendship”: Organized Labour and the European State Formation’ Globalizations 2012 9 4 577 592
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Jones Claire ‘Draghi Outlines Bond Buying Plan’ FT.com 2012 September 6 available at: <http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/448a6f28-f822-11e1-828f-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2OsH4PuZ6>
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Jones Erik The Politics of Economic and Monetary Union: Integration and Idiosyncrasy 2002 Lanham, MD. Rowman & Littlefield
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Koo Richard C. ‘The World in Balance Sheet Recession: Causes, Cure, and Politics’ Real-World Economics Review 2011 58 19 37
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Kouvelakis Stathis ‘The Greek Cauldron’ New Left Review 2011 II 72 17 32
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Krätke Michael R. ‘Antonio Gramsci’s Contribution to a Critical Economics’ Historical Materialism 2011 19 3 63 105
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Krippner Greta R. Capitalizing on Crisis: The Political Origins of the Rise of Finance 2011 Cambridge, MA. Harvard University Press
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Lapavitsas Costas Crisis in the Eurozone 2012a London Verso
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Lapavitsas Costas Panitch Leo, Albo Greg & Chibber Vivek ‘Default and Exit from the Eurozone: A Radical Left Strategy’ Socialist Register 2012: The Crisis and the Left 2012b London Merlin Press
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Lapavitsas Costas, Kaltenbrunner A., Lindo D., Michell J., Painceira J.P., Pires E., Powell J., Stenfors A. & Teles N. ‘Eurozone Crisis: Beggar Thyself and Thy Neighbour’ 2010 available at: <http://eprints.uwe.ac.uk/23045/1/fullreport.pdf>
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Laski Kazimierz & Podkaminer Leon ‘The Basic Paradigms of eu Economic Policy-making Need to be Changed’ Cambridge Journal of Economics 2012 36 1 253 270
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Liguori Guido Liguori & Voza ‘Cesarismo’ 2009 2009
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Macartney Huw ‘Variegated Neoliberalism: Transnationally Oriented Fractions of Capital in eu Financial Market Integration’ Review of International Studies 2009 35 2 451 480
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1
For an overview, see Frosini 2009.
-
2
Krätke 2011.
-
3
Burgio 2014; Fontana 2004; Liguori 2009.
-
5
Carchedi 2001.
-
6
Lapavitsas 2012a.
-
7
Krippner 2011; Streeck 2011.
-
8
For a general presentation, see Bieler 2005.
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11
Q 10, § 13 [1932]; Gramsci 1971, p. 367.
-
12
Q 3, § 34 [1930]; Gramsci 1971, p. 276.
-
13
Buci-Glucksmann 1975; Thomas 2009.
-
14
Q 6, § 88 [1931]; Gramsci 1971, p. 263.
-
16
Q 15, § 5 [1933]; Gramsci 1971, p. 428.
-
18
Q 15, § 59 [1933]; Gramsci 1971, p. 106.
-
19
Burgio 2014, Chapter 11; Fontana 2004.
-
20
Mosse 1971.
-
21
Weber 1994, see also Baehr 2004.
-
22
In Weber 1994, originally written in 1917.
-
23
Spengler 1991.
-
25
Liguori 2009, p. 124.
-
30
Liguori 2009, p. 124.
-
31
Pisani-Ferry and Sapir 2010.
-
32
Pisani-Ferry and Sapir 2010, p. 350.
-
33
Davies, Atkins and Sakoui 2008.
-
34
European Commission 2009c.
-
35
European Commission 2009a, 2009b; Veron 2011.
-
36
Weber and Schmitz 2011.
-
38
Boyer 2012, p. 291.
-
39
Aglietta and Berrebi 2007; Bibow 2009.
-
40
Jones 2002, p. 12.
-
42
Lapavitsas 2012b.
-
43
Brender and Pisani 2007, pp. 64 and 90; Duménil and Lévy 2011, p. 17.
-
46
Haar, Rowell and Vassalos 2009.
-
47
Glassman 2006; Harvey 2005.
-
50
Chaffin, Barker and Hope 2011.
-
52
European Round Table of Industrialists 2011.
-
53
At the end of January 2012, this temporary programme shows no signs of ending even after €219bn of purchases. See Dobson 2012.
-
55
Corporate Europe Observatory 2012.
-
56
Spiegel, Peel and Wilson 2011; Baker 2011.
-
59
European Council 2011.
-
61
Kouvelakis 2011.
-
62
D’Argenio 2011.
-
63
Tommaso Padoa-Schioppa Group 2012.
-
65
See Jones 2012.
-
66
Black 2013.
-
68
van der Pijl 2012.
-
69
Sapir 2002.
-
70
Bourdieu 1999.
-
71
Bieler 2006.
-
72
Horn 2012.
-
73
Streeck 2011.
-
74
Cohen 2014.
-
75
Hope and Spiegel 2012.
-
76
Spiegel, Wiesmann and Hope 2012.
-
77
Bieler 2011.
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Search for other papers by Razmig Keucheyan in
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Search for other papers by Cédric Durand in
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In 2010, the Eurozone became the epicentre of the world crisis. The vulnerability of Europe appears to be linked to the specific institutional arrangement which organises monetary, financial and budgetary policies within the Eurozone. This article tries to understand the evolution of the eu during a short but decisive historical sequence (2007–12) in a theoretical framework that puts elements of Gramsci’s reflections on the theme of crisis, and especially his notion of ‘Caesarism’, at its centre. It addresses the current debate concerning the relationships between democratic politics and neoliberalism, while focusing on how the radicalisation of the crisis put at stake the co-construction of capitalism and representative democracy in the Western world since wwii.
| All Time | Past 365 days | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1175 | 147 | 17 |
| Full Text Views | 388 | 11 | 6 |
| PDF Views & Downloads | 234 | 28 | 13 |