The Right to the City in Two Moments: The Bus and Tram Riots in São Paulo City in 1947 and 2013
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At the beginning of 1947 the first elections in fourteen years were held for state governors. Adhemar de Barros, elected in São Paulo with large support from the communists, was an old ally of Vargas who ran his own political party, the Progressive Social Party (psp), and began to compete with Vargas himself for the working-class vote. His campaign for the Government of the State of São Paulo had been based on lowering the high cost of living. He promised strict price controls on basic necessities and an intensive campaign against price rises. Therefore, when the Mayor of São Paulo announced a rise in transport fares a few months after the election of Adhemar, the hostile reaction spread through the city like wildfire. Rapid growth and the disregard of public authorities contributed to a chaotic and profoundly unequal urban landscape, where the most visible problem was the public transport system. The aim of this article is to understand the popular reaction to the rise in bus and tram fares which led to the largest urban riots in the history of the city, at that time already the largest industrial metropolis in Latin America.
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Arendt Hannah Raposo Roberto A condição humana 1989 Fourth Edition Rio de Janeiro Forense Universitária
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Berlinck Manuel Marginalidade Social e Relações de Classe em São Paulo 1975 Rio de Janeiro Vozes
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Boito Armando ‘O impacto das manifestações de junho na política nacional’ Brasil de Fato 2013 August 2
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Bonduki Nabil Origens da habitação social no Brasil: arquitetura moderna, lei do inquilinato e difusão da casa própria 1998 São Paulo Estação liberdade/Fapesp
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Bonelli Regis ‘Nível de atividade e mudança estrutural’ Estatísticas do século XX 2003 Rio de Janeiro Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística
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Braga Ruy Maricato Ermínia et al. ‘Sob a sombra do precariado’ Cidades Rebeldes: Passe livre e as manifestações que tomaram as ruas do Brasil 2013 São Paulo Boitempo
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Câmara Leonor Moreira A Cidade de São Paulo no Estado Novo: um estudo da intervenção do Estado no espaço urbano 1990 São Paulo FGV/SP Dissertação de mestrado
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Castels Manuel Cidade, democracia e socialismo: a experiência das associações de vizinhança em Madrid 1980 Rio de Janeiro Paz e Terra
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Chauí Marilena ‘As manifestações de junho de 2013 na cidade de São Paulo’ Revista Teoria de Debate 2013 June 27 available at: <http://www.teoriaedebate.org.br/materias/nacional/manifestacoes-de-junho-de-2013-na-cidade-de-sao-paulo>
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Duarte Adriano Luiz Cidadania e Exclusão: Brasil, 1937–1945 1999 Florianópolis Editora da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina
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Duarte Adriano Luiz Cultura popular e cultura política no após-guerra: redemocratização, populismo e desenvolvimentismo no bairro da Mooca, 1942–1973 2002 tese de doutorado, Unicamp, Campinas
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Duarte Adriano Luiz ‘O “dia de São Bartolomeu” e o “carnaval sem fim”: o quebra-quebra deônibus e bondes na cidade de São Paulo em agosto de 1947’ Revista Brasileira de História 2005 25 50 25 60
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Duarte Paulo ‘Aos currais de Augias’ Revista Anhembi 1952 VIII 22
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French John ‘Workers and the Rise of Adhemarista Populism in São Paulo, Brazil 1945–1947’ Hispanic American Historical Review 1988 68 1 1 43
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French John de Oliveira Lólio O ABC dos operários: conflitos e alianças de classe em São Paulo, 1900–1950 1995 São Paulo/São Caetano Hucitec
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Graham Douglas H. & de Hollanda Filho Sergio Buarque Migration, Regional and Urban Growth, and Development in Brazil: A Selective Analysis of the Historical Record, 1872–1970 1971 São Paulo IPE/USP
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Holston James Insurgent Citizenship: Disjunctions of Democracy and Modernity in Brazil 1998 Princeton, NJ. Princeton University Press
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Judensnaider Elena , Piazzon Luciana & Ortellado Pablo Vinte centavos: a luta contra o aumento [Twenty Cents: The Struggle against Increases] 2013 São Paulo Veneto
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Lefebvre Henry Frias Rubens Eduardo O direito à cidade 1991 São Paulo Editora Moraes
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Martinez-Alier Verena ‘Urban Transport and Popular Violence: The Case of Brazil’ Past & Present 1980 86 1 174 92
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Martinez-Alier Verena & Moises Jose Alvaro ‘A revolta dos suburbanos ou: patrao, o trem atrasou’ Contradições urbanas e movimentos sociais 1977 Rio de Janeiro Paz e Terra
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Mortara Giorgio ‘O aumento da população do Brasil entre 1872 e 1940’ Pesquisas sobre o Desenvolvimento da População do Brasil 1951 Rio de Janeiro Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística
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3
Patarra 2003, p. 18; Bonelli 2003, p. 392. Between 1930 and 1937, Brazil’s gdp (Gross Domestic Product, the sum of the country’s total economic activity) grew at an average annual rate of 7.5%. Between 1945 and 1964 annual rates were even higher, averaging 9.3%.
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4
Queiroz 2004, pp. 37–40.
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5
Valle Silva and Barbosa 2003, p. 34.
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6
Mortara 1951, pp. 50–62.
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7
Graham and Hollanda Filho 1971. During the three decades 1940–70, it is thought that over 40 million Brazilians left rural areas for the large cities. São Paulo was their main destination. See Patarra 2003.
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8
Câmara 1990, pp. 18–19.
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9
Fonseca 1989.
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10
Câmara 1990, p. 33.
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11
Rolnik 1997; Bonduki 1998.
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12
Oliveira 1972; Holston 1998.
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13
Grostein 1987.
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17
Bonduki 1998, pp. 111–12.
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44
Thompson 2005, pp. 150–202.
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45
Rudé 1991.
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46
Moisés 1985, p. 58. In this and other works the author’s central theme seems to have been to square the accounts of the political parties’ inadequate performances, particularly that of the Brazilian Communist Party – pcb, in their political management of grassroots organisations in the postwar period. That would explain his emphasis on the aspects of ‘spontaneity’ and ‘political leadership’. In regard to demonstrations among the lower classes in the 1970s viewed from the same angle, see Martinez-Alier and Moisés 1977. There is an English-language version of the same text that is worth consulting in which there are subtle but significant differences in emphasis: Martinez-Alier and Moisés 1980.
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47
Arendt 1989.
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50
Duarte 2009.
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51
Castels 1980, p. 81.
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54
Moisés 1985, p. 58.
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57
French 1995, pp. 202–4. In this election, which took place in January 1947, Carmem Savieto was the third communist with the largest number of votes, 650.
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65
Singer 2013, p. 25.
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71
First, Boito 2013. Second, Braga 2013, p. 82. Third, Singer 2013.
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73
Chauí 2013, pp. 1–5.
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The Right to the City in Two Moments: The Bus and Tram Riots in São Paulo City in 1947 and 2013
In: Historical MaterialismSearch for other papers by Adriano Luiz Duarte in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
At the beginning of 1947 the first elections in fourteen years were held for state governors. Adhemar de Barros, elected in São Paulo with large support from the communists, was an old ally of Vargas who ran his own political party, the Progressive Social Party (psp), and began to compete with Vargas himself for the working-class vote. His campaign for the Government of the State of São Paulo had been based on lowering the high cost of living. He promised strict price controls on basic necessities and an intensive campaign against price rises. Therefore, when the Mayor of São Paulo announced a rise in transport fares a few months after the election of Adhemar, the hostile reaction spread through the city like wildfire. Rapid growth and the disregard of public authorities contributed to a chaotic and profoundly unequal urban landscape, where the most visible problem was the public transport system. The aim of this article is to understand the popular reaction to the rise in bus and tram fares which led to the largest urban riots in the history of the city, at that time already the largest industrial metropolis in Latin America.
| All Time | Past 365 days | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 408 | 76 | 12 |
| Full Text Views | 184 | 3 | 0 |
| PDF Views & Downloads | 116 | 9 | 0 |
