Consular Protection with Chinese Characteristics: Challenges and Solutions
In: The Hague Journal of DiplomacySearch for other papers by Liping Xia in
Current site
Google Scholar
Summary
In today’s globalised world, giving consular protection to an increasing number of overseas citizens has become a common challenge to foreign ministries. China, as the most populous country witnessing fast economic development, is facing more severe challenges in this field. Since the 18th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party, China’s consular protection has demonstrated new trends such as involving more actors in service delivery, constructing a co-ordination network, legalizing the management and taking targeted preventive measures. Compared with developed countries, ‘whole government involvement’ is the most prominent feature of China’s consular protection practice.
Purchase
Buy instant access (PDF download and unlimited online access):
Institutional Login
Log in with Open Athens, Shibboleth, or your institutional credentials
Personal login
Log in with your brill.com account
-
The British Foreign and Commonwealth Office. Annual Report & Accounts: 2019–20. 16 July 2020. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/903478/FCO1413_FCO_Annual_Report_2019_-_accessible.pdf.
-
Central Government Net. ‘Government Work Report 2017’. 16 March 2017. http://www.gov.cn/premier/2017-03/16/content_5177940.htm.
-
China Consular Service Network. ‘The Chinese Consulate General in Lahore Held a Forum on the Security of Chinese Institutions in the Region’. 1 August 2017. http://cs.mfa.gov.cn/gyls/lsgz/lqbb/t1481574.shtml.
-
China Consular Service Network. ‘Building a Security System for Overseas Chinese’. 8 March 2018. http://cs.mfa.gov.cn/gyls/lsgz/lqbb/t1540551.shtml.
-
China Consular Service Network. ‘Live Record of Domestic Media Briefing on Consular Work’. 17 January 2020. http://cs.fmprc.gov.cn/gyls/lsgz/lqbb/t1733452.shtml.
-
China News. ‘How Long Can Overseas Chinese Gangs Savage? The Chinese and Foreign Police Began to Crack Down on It Jointly’. 23 September 2016. http://www.chinanews.com/hr/2016/09-23/8012232.shtml.
-
China Tourism Research Institute. ‘Report on Tourism Market in 2019’. Air Transport Business 3 (2020), 9.
-
Chinese Embassy in Japan. ‘Safeguarding the Health and Safety of Citizens, Striving to Promote the Joint Efforts of China and Japan to Fight against the Epidemic: Ambassador to Japan Kong Xuanyou Gives a Joint Written Interview with Chinese Media in Japan’. 23 February 2020a. http://www.china-embassy.or.jp/chn/sgxxs/t1748498.htm.
-
Chinese Embassy in Japan. ‘Reminders of Covid-19 (10)’. 16 March 2020b. http://www.china-embassy.or.jp/chn/sgxxs/t1756551.htm.
-
Chinese Embassy in the United States. ‘The Transmission of Love: A Documentary Report on the Health Package Sent by the Chinese Embassy in the United States for Overseas Students’. 30 June 2020. http://www.chinaembassy.org/chn/lszj/zytz/t1775381.htm.
-
Chinese Embassy in Vietnam. ‘Take Chinese Citizens Home, We’re in the Front’. 3 February 2020. http://vn.china-embassy.org/chn/lsyw/t1739416.htm.
-
Consular Department of Foreign Affairs Ministry of China. Consular Work Media Briefing, 9 January 2019. http://cs.mfa.gov.cn/gyls/lsgz/lqbb/t1628183.shtml.
-
CPC (Communist Party of China) News Network. ‘Officials and Experts Suggest that Consular Protection Should Be Raised to the Level of National Security’. 13 August 2014. http://theory.people.com.cn/n/2014/0813/c136457-25456015.html.
-
Duchatel, Mathieu, Oliver Brauner and Hang Zhou. ‘Protecting China’s Overseas Interests: The Slow Shift away from Non-interference’. Policy Paper No. 41 (Stockholm: Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, June 2014).
-
Editing Group for the Consular Affairs of China. The Consular Affairs of China, vol. 1 (Beijing: World Affairs Publishing House, 2014).
-
Global Network. ‘European Chinese Tourism Federation Funded, Involving More than 100 Travel Agencies in Paris’. 10 January 2014. https://go.huanqiu.com/article/9CaKrnJDTpb.
-
Global Network. ‘Emergency Rescue Fund for Chinese Citizens in Europe Launched in the UK’. 29 February 2016. http://world.huanqiu.com/hot/2016-02/8624351.html.
-
Global Times. ‘Evacuation from Yemen, Chinese Navy Has an Early Plan’. 1 April 2015, 3.
-
Global Times. ‘Listen to Chinese Non-governmental Rescue Teams Talk about Overseas Operations’. 6 July 2018, 7.
-
Global Times. ‘China Issues Travel Warnings against the United States’. 5 June 2019.
-
Government of China. ‘A Review of the International Law Enforcement Cooperation and China’s Contribution of the Global Security Governance’. 25 September 2017. http://www.mps.gov.cn/n2255079/n5590589/n5786324/n5786349/c5792074/content.html.
-
Guo, Shengkun. ‘Speech at the 4th National Award Ceremony for Outstanding Security Service Companies and Excellent Security Guards’. CPC News Network, 18 October 2016. http://cpc.people.com.cn/n1/2016/1108/c64094-28844398.html.
-
Huang, Ping. ‘Launching the People’s War and Building the Grand-Pattern of Consular Work.’ China Economic Network, 1 May 2015.
-
Li, Gen. ‘Research on the Development of Civil Organisations in China’. Journal of Academy of Governance in Sichuan 5 (2016), 5–8.
-
Liao, Xianwang and Peng Min. ‘Striving and Enterprising, Fruitful Results’. People’s Daily, 10 October 2012, 6.
-
Maley, William. ‘Risk, Populism, and the Evolution of Consular Responsibilities’. In Consular Affairs and Diplomacy, eds. Jan Melissen and Ana Mar Fernandez (Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff, 2011), 43–62.
-
Melissen, Jan. ‘Introduction: Diplomacy and the Duty of Care’. The Hague Journal of Diplomacy 13 (1) (2018), 137–145.
-
Ministry of Commerce of the People’s Republic of China. ‘Minister Zhong Shan’s Press Conference to Celebrate the 70th Anniversary of the Founding of the People’s Republic of China’. 29 September 2019. http://www.mofcom.gov.cn/article/ae/ztfbh/201909/20190902901363.shtml.
-
Ministry of Commerce of the People’s Republic of China. ‘Brief Statistics of China’s International Cooperation of Labor Service in 2019’. 22 January 2020. http://hzs.mofcom.gov.cn/article/date/202001/20200102932444.shtml.
-
Ministry of Defense of the People’s Republic of China. ‘Diversified Employment of China’s Armed Force’. 16 April 2013. http://www.mod.gov.cn/affair/2013-04/16/content_4442839_4.htm.
-
Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China. ‘The Number of Chinese Students Studying Abroad Exceeded 660,000, and the Number of Returnees Increased by 8%’. 28 March 2019. http://edu.china.com.cn/2019-03/28/content_74620779.htm.
-
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China. ‘Foreign Ministry Spokesman Geng Shuang Presides over a Regular Press Conference on April 22, 2020’. 22 April 2020. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/2511_665403/t1772428.shtml/.
-
The National Bureau of Statistics of the People’s Republic of China. ‘China Statistical Yearbook 2019’. September 2019. http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2019/html/C1709.jpg.
-
National Travel & Tourism Office of the USA. ‘U.S. Citizen Travel to International Regions’. 2019. https://travel.trade.gov/view/m-2019-O-001/index.html.
-
Office of the Central Committee of the CPC on Network Security and Information Technology, China National Internet Information Office, China Internet Information Centre. ‘The 45th Statistical Report on China’s Internet Development’. April 2020. http://www.cac.gov.cn/2020-04/27/c_1589535470378587.htm.
-
Okano-Heijmans, Maaike. ‘Changes in Consular Assistance and the Emergence of Consular Diplomacy’. In Consular Affairs and Diplomacy, eds. Jan Melissen and Ana Mar Fernandez (Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff, 2011), 21–42.
-
Parello-Plesner, Jonas and Mathieu Duchatel. China’s Strong Arm: Protecting Citizens and Assets Abroad (Abingdon: Routledge, 2015).
-
The Party Branch of Consular Protection Centre of MFA. ‘Giving Full Play to the Advantages of the Socialist System with Chinese Characteristics and the Governance System to Further Improve Consular Protection and Assistance in the New Era’. 13 December 2019. http://www.qizhiwang.org.cn/n1/2019/1213/c422375-31505360.html.
-
People’s Daily. ‘Decision of the Central Committee of the CPC of China on Major Issues concerning Comprehensively Deepening the Reform’. 16 November 2013, 2.
-
People’s Daily. ‘Improving the Socialist System with Chinese Characteristics and Promoting the Modernization of the National Governance System and Governance Capacity’. 18 February 2014a, 1.
-
People’s Daily. ‘Adhering to the Overall National Security Concept and Taking the Road of National Security with Chinese Characteristics.’ 16 April 2014b, 1.
-
People’s Daily. ‘Joint Press Release of the People’s Republic of China and the Republic of Maldives’. 16 September 2014c, 2.
-
People’s Daily. ‘Improving Prevention and Control Capacity, Focusing on Preventing and Resolving Major Risks, Maintaining Sustained and Healthy Economic Development and Social Stability’. 22 January 2019a, 1.
-
People’s Daily. ‘Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Several Major Issues concerning Upholding and Improving the Socialist System with Chinese Characteristics and Promoting the Modernization of National Governance System and Governance Capacity’. 6 November 2019b, 1.
-
People’s Daily. ‘Joint Press Statement of the Government of the People’s Republic of China and the Government of the Kingdom of Thailand’. 7 November 2019c, 3.
-
People’s Net. ‘China’s Naval Ships Directly Evacuate Overseas Chinese from a Foreign Port’. 30 March 2015, http://world.people.com.cn/n/2015/0330/c1002-26772821.html.
-
People’s Net. ‘What Consular Services Can You Enjoy under the Belt and Road Initiative?’. 11 May 2017. http://world.people.com.cn/n1/2017/0511/c1002-29268984.html.
-
Policy Planning Department of Foreign Affairs Ministry of China. China’s Foreign Affairs 1999 (Beijing: World Affairs Publishing House, 1999).
-
Policy Planning Department of Foreign Affairs Ministry of China. China’s Foreign Affairs 2015 (Beijing: World Affairs Publishing House, 2015).
-
Policy Planning Department of Foreign Affairs Ministry of China. China’s Foreign Affairs 2016 (Beijing: World Affairs Publishing House, 2016).
-
Policy Planning Department of Foreign Affairs Ministry of China. China’s Foreign Affairs 2017 (Beijing: World Affairs Publishing House, 2017).
-
Policy Planning Department of Foreign Affairs Ministry of China. China’s Foreign Affairs 2019 (Beijing: World Affairs Publishing House, 2019).
-
The State Council Information Office of China. ‘Fighting Covid-19 China in Action’. People’s Daily, 8 June 2020, 10.
-
US Department of State. ‘Missions’. 2021. https://careers.state.gov/learn/what-we-do/mission/.
-
Xia, Liping. ‘China’s Consular Service Reform and Changes in Diplomacy’. In Consular Affairs and Diplomacy, eds. Jan Melissen and Ana Mar Fernandez (Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff, 2011), 199–221.
-
Xia, Liping. ‘The Evolvement of China’s Local Governments in Consular Protection’. Foreign Affairs Review 4 (2017), 59–84.
-
Xia, Liping. ‘An Analysis of Security Risks Facing Overseas Chinese Citizens and Chinese Enterprises: Based on Travel Warnings Issued by Chinese Embassies’, Journal of International Security Studies 6 (2019), 129–152.
-
Xinhuanet. ‘Hu Jintao’s Report on the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China’. 8 November 2012. http://www.xinhuanet.com/18cpcnc/2012-11/17/c_113711665.htm.
-
Xinhuanet. ‘Establishment of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army Support Base in Djibouti’. 11 July 2017. http://www.xinhuanet.com/mil/2017-07/11/c_129652748.htm.
-
Xinhuanet. ‘The Hand of Consular Protection Supporting Overseas Chinese’. Interview with Chen Xiongfeng, Deputy Director General of the Department of Consular Affairs of the MFA and Director of the Consular Protection Centre. 18 January 2018. http://www.xinhuanet.com/globe/2018-01/18/c_136882661.htm.
-
Yang, Guangbin and Yuejun Li. An Introduction to Contemporary Chinese Political System (Renmin: China Renmin University Press, 2007).
-
Yueqing United Front Network. ‘Yueqing Establishes a Legal Service Office for Overseas Chinese’. 15 August 2018. http://www.yqtzb.gov.cn/shownews.asp?id=4414.
| All Time | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 721 | 241 | 58 |
| Full Text Views | 89 | 8 | 1 |
| PDF Views & Downloads | 216 | 26 | 2 |
Consular Protection with Chinese Characteristics: Challenges and Solutions
In: The Hague Journal of DiplomacySearch for other papers by Liping Xia in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Summary
In today’s globalised world, giving consular protection to an increasing number of overseas citizens has become a common challenge to foreign ministries. China, as the most populous country witnessing fast economic development, is facing more severe challenges in this field. Since the 18th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party, China’s consular protection has demonstrated new trends such as involving more actors in service delivery, constructing a co-ordination network, legalizing the management and taking targeted preventive measures. Compared with developed countries, ‘whole government involvement’ is the most prominent feature of China’s consular protection practice.
| All Time | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 721 | 241 | 58 |
| Full Text Views | 89 | 8 | 1 |
| PDF Views & Downloads | 216 | 26 | 2 |