This article describes the development of a tool for heritage language parents (HLPs) to reflect on and guide their home practices for heritage language development and maintenance. It begins by making a case for better support for HLPs and the need for appropriate resources to empower parents and their children to make informed choices about their own language and identity preservation and development. Next, the article describes how the HLP tool was created, from initial stakeholder engagement through its four design iterations. We detail the processes we engaged in to establish the reliability and validity of the tool to ensure it meets the needs of our communities. We conclude by making some recommendations for others involved in supporting heritage language learners.
Purchase
Buy instant access (PDF download and unlimited online access):
Institutional Login
Log in with Open Athens, Shibboleth, or your institutional credentials
Personal login
Log in with your brill.com account
Abbuhl, R. (2011). Why, when, and how to replicate research. In A. Mackey & S. M. Gass (Eds.), Research methods in second language acquisition: A practical guide (pp. 296–312). Wiley. DOI:10.1002/9781444347340.
Anderson, T., & Shattuck, J. (2012). Design-based research. Educational Researcher, 41(1), 16–25.
Andrade, C. (2018). Internal, external, and ecological validity in research design, conduct, and evaluation. Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine, 40(5), 498–499.
Armstrong, M., Dopp, C., & Welsh, J. (2022). Design-based research. BYU Open Textbook Network. https://open.byu.edu/education_research/design_based_research.
Bang, M., Faber, L., Gurneau, J., Marin, A., & Soto, C. (2015). Community-based design research: Learning across generations and strategic transformations of institutional relations toward axiological innovations. Mind, Culture, and Activity, 23(1), 28–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/10749039.2015.1087572.
Banks, J. A., & Banks, C. A. (1993). Multicultural education: Issues and perspectives. Allyn & Bacon.
Barab, S., & Squire, K. (2004). Design-based research: Putting a stake in the ground. Journal of the Learning Sciences, 13(1), 1–14.
Bhandari, P. (2021). Levels of measurement. Retrieved from https://www.scribbr.com/statistics/levels-of-measurement/.
Bialystok, E. (2007). Cognitive effects of bilingualism: How linguistic experience leads to cognitive change. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 10(3), 210–223. https://doi.org/10.2167/beb441.0.
Blum-Kulka, E. S. (2017). Language socialization and family dinnertime discourse. In S. May & A. Duff (Eds.), Encyclopedia of language and education (pp. 65–77). Springer.
Bobbitt, Z. (2021, September 20). Validation set vs. test set: What’s the difference? Statology. https://www.statology.org/face-validity/v.
Bolarinwa, O. (2015). Principles and methods of validity and reliability testing of questionnaires used in social and health science researches. Nigerian Postgraduate Medical Journal, 22(4), 195.
Brown, J. D. (2003). Questions and answers about language testing statistics: Norm- referenced item analysis (item facility and item discrimination). Shiken: JALT Testing & Evaluation SIG Newsletter, 7(2), 18–20. Retrieved from https://hosted.jalt.org/test/bro_17.htm.
Brown, J. D. (2005). Test reliability. In J. D. Brown (Ed.), Testing in language programs: A comprehensive guide to English language assessment (pp. 185–230). McGraw-Hill.
Brown, P., & Gaskins, S. (2014). Language acquisition and language socialization. In N. J. Enfield, J. Sidnell, & P. Kockelman (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of linguistic anthropology (pp. 187–226). Cambridge University Press.
Bryman, A. (2016). Social research methods. Oxford University Press.
California Association for Bilingual Education. (2022). About CABE. California Association for Bilingual Education. https://www.gocabe.org/index.php/about/about-cabe/.
Campanella, M., & Penuel, W. R. (2021). Design-based research in educational settings. In Z. A. Philippakos, E. Howell, & A. Pellegrino (Eds.), Design-based research in education: Theory and applications (pp. 3–22). Guilford.
Castillo-Montoya, M. (2016). Preparing for interview research: The interview protocol refinement framework. The Qualitative Report, 21(5), 811–831. Retrieved from https://nsuworks.nova.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2337&context=tqr.
Chang, R. (1998). Comparison and the justification of choice. University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 146(5), 1569–1598.
Chen, E. (2021). The pedagogical practices of an immigrant parent: Maintaining heritage language in the home context. LEARNing Landscapes, 14(1), 29–43.
Chen, X., & Padilla, A. M. (2019). Role of bilingualism and biculturalism as assets in positive psychology: Conceptual dynamic GEAR model. Frontiers in Psychology, 10(2122), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02122.
Chohan, B. I., & Khan, R. M. (2010). Impact of parental support in the academic performance and self-concept of the student. Journal of Research and Reflections in Education, 4(1), 14–26.
Collins, A., Joseph, D., & Bielaczyc, K. (2004). Design research: Theoretical and methodological issues. The Journal of the Learning Sciences, 13(1), 15–42.
Crawford, J. (2000). At war with diversity: US language policy in an age of anxiety. Multilingual Matters.
Crawford, J. (2008). Heritage languages in America: Tapping a ‘hidden’ resource. In J. Crawford (Ed.), Advocating for English learners: Selected essays (pp. 21–28). Multilingual Matters. doi.org/10.21832/9781847690746-004.
Creswell, J. W. (2015). Educational research: Planning, conducting and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research (5th ed.). Pearson Education.
Cummins, J. (2017). Teaching minoritized students: Are additive approaches legitimate? Harvard Educational Review, 87(3), 404–425.
Curdt-Christiansen, X. L. (2002). Who is responsible for the maintenance of heritage languages? Retrieved from http://ssl.webs.uvigo.es/actas2002/01/02.%20Xiao%20Lan%20Curdt.
Design Based Research Collective. (2003). Design-based research: An emerging paradigm for educational inquiry. Educational Researcher, 32(1), 5–8.
Deverka, P. A., Lavallee, D. C., Desai, P. J., Esmail, L. C., Ramsey, S. D., Veenstra, D. L., & Tunis, S. R. (2012). Stakeholder participation in comparative effectiveness research: Defining a framework for effective engagement. Journal of Comparative Effectiveness Research, 1(2), 181–194.
Dörnyei, Z., & Taguchi, T. (2014). Questionnaires in second language research: Construction, administration, and processing (2nd ed.). Routledge.
Edelson, D. (2002). Design research: What we learn when we engage in design. The Journal of the Learning Sciences, 11(1), 105–121.
Elizarova, O., & Dowd, K. (2017, December 14). Participatory design in practice. UX Magazine. https://uxmag.com/articles/participatory-design-in-practice.
Elliott, L. (2001, November 14). Ask these questions to reach your stakeholders. TechRepublic. https://www.techrepublic.com/article/ask-these-questions-to-reach-your-stakeholders/.
Fishman, J. A. (1972). The sociology of language. Newbury House.
FutureLearn. (2013, August 8). Language maintenance, shift and death. FutureLearn. https://www.futurelearn.com/info/courses/multilingual-practices/0/steps/22665.
García, O. (2013). Countering the dual: Transglossia, dynamic bilingualism and translanguaging in education. In R. Rubdy & L. Alsagoff (Eds.), The global-local interface and hybridity: Exploring language and identity (pp. 100–118). Multilingual Matters.
Gentry-Sperber, K., Henderson-Hurley, M., & Hanley, D. (2005). Bridging the gap between theory and practice – A call to action. Federal Probation. A Journal of Correctional Philosophy and Practice, 69(1), 1–7.
Glen, S. (2021, March 23). Snowball sampling: Definition, advantages and disadvantages. Statistics How To. https://www.statisticshowto.com/probability-and-statistics/statistics-definitions/snowball-sampling.
Gradidge, D., & De Jager, A. (2011). Psychometric properties of the wellness questionnaire for higher education. South African Journal of Psychology, 41(4), 517–527.
Griffee, D. T. (2012). An introduction to second language research methods: Design and data. TESL-EJ Publications.
Gürbüztürk, O., & Şad, S. N. (2010). Turkish parental involvement scale: Validity and reliability studies. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2(2), 487–491. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.03.049.
Hashimoto, K., & Lee, J. S. (2011). Heritage-language literacy practices: A case study of three Japanese American families. Bilingual Research Journal, 34(2), 161–184.
He, A. W. (2006). Toward an identity theory of the development of Chinese as a heritage language. Heritage Language Journal, 4(1), 1–28. https://doi.org/10.46538/hlj.4.1.1
Imbens-Bailey, A. L. (1997). Biennial meeting of the society for research in child development. Society for Research in Child Development.
Jasp-stats. (2022, August 28). Frequentist Unidimensional Reliability Analysis. R Package Documentation. https://rdrr.io/github/jasp-stats/jaspReliability/f/inst/help/UnidimensionalReliabilityFrequentist.md.
Jeon, M. (2008). Korean heritage language maintenance and language ideology. Heritage Language Journal, 6(2), 206–223. https://doi.org/10.46538/hlj.6.2.4.
Kaiser, A. P., & Hancock, T. B. (2003). Teaching parents new skills to support their young children’s development. Infants & Young Children, 16(1), 9–21. https://doi.org/10.1097/00001163-200301000-200300003.
Khandelwal, A. (2021, October 14). A complete guide on sampling techniques for data science. Analytics Vidhya. https://www.analyticsvidhya.com/blog/2021/09/a-complete-guide-on-sampling-techniques/.
Kim, S. Y., & Chao, R. K. (2009). Heritage language fluency, ethnic identity, and school effort of immigrant Chinese and Mexican adolescents. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 15(1), 27–37.
Koller, I., Levenson, M. R., & Glück, J. (2017). What do you think you are measuring? A mixed-methods procedure for assessing the content validity of test items and theory-based scaling. Frontiers in Psychology, 8(126), 1–20.
Krashen, S. D. (1992). Fundamentals of language education. Laredo Publishing Company.
Lawrence, W. G. (2018). Introduction to social dreaming: Transforming thinking. Routledge.
Lead with Languages. (2020, January 21). Heritage language learning: Bilingual education benefits. https://www.leadwithlanguages.org/why-learn-languages/heritage-learners/.
Lee, G., & Gupta, A. (2020). Raising children to speak their heritage language in the USA: Roles of Korean parents. Journal of Language Teaching and Research, 11(4), 521–531. https://doi.org/10.17507/jltr.1104.01.
Li, G. (2006). Biliteracy and trilingual practices in the home context: Case studies of Chinese-Canadian children. Journal of Early Childhood Literacy, 6(3), 355–381.
Makins, N. (2021). Validation should answer stakeholders’ questions. EUROCONTROL | Supporting European Aviation | EUROCONTROL. https://www.eurocontrol.fr/Newsletter/2002/November/Validation/Validat.
McLeod, S. (2013). What is validity? Simply Psychology. https://www.simplypsychology.org/validity.html.
Miles, D. A. (2017). Research methods and strategies workshop: A taxonomy of research gaps: Identifying and defining the seven research gaps. Doctoral Student Workshop. doi:10.13140/RG.2.2.34817.99681.
Mori, Y., & Calder, T. M. (2017). The role of parental support and family variables in L1 and L2 vocabulary development of Japanese heritage language students in the United States. Foreign Language Annals, 50(4), 754–775.
Morrison, J. (2019, October 1). Assessing questionnaire validity. Select Statistical Consultants. https://select-statistics.co.uk/blog/assessing-questionnaire-validity/.
National Network for Early Language Learning. (2021, March 9). Parent resources for early language learning. NNELL. https://nnell.org/parent-advocacy-websites.
Nesteruk, O. (2010). Heritage language maintenance and loss among the children of Eastern European immigrants in the USA. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 31(3), 271–286. https://doi.org/10.1080/01434630903582722.
O’Donnell, A. M. (2004). A commentary on design research. Educational Psychologist, 39(4), 255–260.
OFP Design. (2022). Product design – strategy, organization, system, company, business, system. In Reference for business – Encyclopedia of small business, business biographies, business plans, and encyclopedia of American industries.
Oller, D. K., Pearson, B. Z., & Cobo-Lewis, A. B. (2007). Profile effects in early bilingual language and literacy. Applied Psycholinguistics, 28(2), 191–230.
Palinkas, L. A., Horwitz, S. M., Green, C. A., Wisdom, J. P., Duan, N., & Hoagwood, K. (2013). Purposeful sampling for qualitative data collection and analysis in mixed method implementation research. Administration and policy in mental health and mental health services research, 42(5), 533–544.
Paradis, J., Emmerzael, K., & Duncan, T. S. (2010). Assessment of English language learners: Using parent report on first language development. Journal of Communication Disorders, 43(6), 474–497. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcomdis.2010.01.002.
Park, H., Tsai, K. M., Liu, L. L., & Lau, A. S. (2012). Transactional associations between supportive family climate and young children’s heritage language proficiency in immigrant families. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 36(3), 226–236.
Quesenbery, W. (2001). What does usability mean: Looking beyond ‘ease of use.’ WQusability – Whitney Quesenbery. https://www.wqusability.com/articles/more-than-ease-of-use.html.
Romero, E. F. (2020, January 21). Parent engagement, bilingual education and immigrant friendly schools are crucial to student success in LA, where 60% of children have at least one immigrant parent, new report finds. LA School Report. Retrieved from https://www.laschoolreport.com/parent-engagement-bilingual-education-and-immigrant-friendly-schools-are-crucial-to-student-success-in-la-where-60-of-children-have-at-least-one-immigrant-parent-new-report-finds/.
Rothman, J. (2009). Understanding the nature and outcomes of early bilingualism: Romance languages as heritage languages. International Journal of Bilingualism, 13(2), 155–163.
Sandoval, W. (2013). Conjecture mapping: An approach to systematic educational design research. Journal of the Learning Sciences, 23(1), 18–36.
Sandstedt, L. A. (2000). Spanish for native speakers. Heinle & Heinle.
Shah, J. K., Ensminger, D. C., & Their, K. (2015). The time for design-based research is right and right now. Mid-Western Educational Researcher, 27(2), 152–171.
Song, K. (2016). Nurturing young children’s biliteracy development: A Korean family’s hybrid literacy practices at home. Language Arts, 93(5), 341–353.
Spolsky, B. (2018). A modified and enriched theory of language policy (and management). Language Policy, 18(3), 323–338. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10993-018-9489-z.
Steelman, L. M., Assel, M. A., Swank, P. R., Smith, K. E., & Landry, S. H. (2002). Early maternal warm responsiveness as a predictor of child social skills. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 23(2), 135–156.
Tannenbaum, M. (2012). Family language policy as a form of coping or defense mechanism. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 33(1), 57–66.
Tarver, E. (2015, April 28). How does research and development (R&D) differ from product development? Investopedia. https://www.investopedia.com.
Thompson, M. (2021, May 11). The benefits of self-evaluation and assessment. WeThrive. https://wethrive.net/blog/self-evaluation-and-assessment.
Translators Without Borders. (2022, July 6). Language data for the United States of America. https://translatorswithoutborders.org/language-data-for-the-united-states-of-america.
Tse, L. (2001). “Why don’t they learn English?” Separating fact from fallacy in the U.S. language debate. Teachers College Press.
UCLA Statistical Methods and Data Analytics. (2021). What does Cronbach’s Alpha mean? SPSS FAQ. Statistical Consulting Web Resources. https://stats.oarc.ucla.edu/spss/faq/what-does-cronbachs-alpha-mean/.
United States Department of Education. (2022, April 5). Consolidated state performance reports. Office of Elementary and Secondary Education. https://oese.ed.gov/offices/office-of-administration/about-us/consolidated-state-performance-reports/#info.
Valdés, G. (2000). The teaching of heritage languages: An introduction for Slavic- teaching professionals. In O. Kagan & B. Rifkin (Eds.), The learning and teaching of Slavic languages and cultures (pp. 375–403). Slavica.
Vallance, A. L. (2015). The importance of maintaining a heritage language while acquiring the host language [Master’s thesis, Honors College]. Wayne State University. https://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/honorstheses/34/.
Vaughn, L. M., & Jacquez, F. (2020). Participatory research methods – Choice points in the research process. Journal of Participatory Research Methods, 1(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.35844/001c.13244.
Verbiest, F., Cheng, L. L., van Iwaarden, A., & Verrips, M. (2018). AThEME: Advancing the European multilingual experience. European Journal of Applied Linguistics, 6(2), 337–344.
Villa, D. J., & Rivera-Mills, S. (2009). An integrated multi-generational model for language maintenance and shift. Spanish Maintenance and Loss in the U.S. Southwest, 6(1), 26–42.
Warmbrod, J. R. (2014). Reporting and interpreting scores derived from Likert-type scales. Journal of Agricultural Education, 55(5), 30–47.
Wiley, T. G., & Valdés, G. (2000). Editors’ introduction: Heritage language instruction in the United States: A time for renewal. Bilingual Research Journal, 24(4), iii–vii.
Wolf, E. (2019, August 30). What is a research gap and how do I find one? SNHU Library. https://libanswers.snhu.edu/faq/264001.
Xuesong, G. (2006). Strategies used by Chinese parents to support English language learning. RELC Journal, 37(3), 285–298.
Yilmaz, T. (2016). The motivational factors of heritage language learning in immigrant bilingualism. International Journal of Social Science and Humanity, 6(3), 191–200. https://doi.org/10.7763/ijssh.2016.v6.642.
Yu, T., & Richardson, J. C. (2015). An exploratory factor analysis and reliability analysis of the Student Online Learning Readiness (SOLR) instrument. Online Learning, 19(5), 120–141.
Zhang, D., & Slaughter-Defoe, D. T. (2009). Language attitudes and heritage language maintenance among Chinese immigrant families in the USA. Language, Culture and Curriculum, 22(2), 77–93.
All Time | Past 365 days | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 412 | 412 | 16 |
Full Text Views | 19 | 19 | 3 |
PDF Views & Downloads | 122 | 122 | 4 |
This article describes the development of a tool for heritage language parents (HLPs) to reflect on and guide their home practices for heritage language development and maintenance. It begins by making a case for better support for HLPs and the need for appropriate resources to empower parents and their children to make informed choices about their own language and identity preservation and development. Next, the article describes how the HLP tool was created, from initial stakeholder engagement through its four design iterations. We detail the processes we engaged in to establish the reliability and validity of the tool to ensure it meets the needs of our communities. We conclude by making some recommendations for others involved in supporting heritage language learners.
All Time | Past 365 days | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 412 | 412 | 16 |
Full Text Views | 19 | 19 | 3 |
PDF Views & Downloads | 122 | 122 | 4 |