Hassan Mwakimako, Mosques in Kenya: Muslim Opinion on Religion, Politics and Development (Berlin: Klaus Schwarz Verlag, 2007), p. 47.

 Hassan Mwakimako, Mosques in Kenya: Muslim Opinion on Religion, Politics and Development (Berlin: Klaus Schwarz Verlag, 2007), p. 47.)| false
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 Justin Willis and Ngala Chome, ‘Marginalization and participation on the Kenya coast: the 2013 elections’, Journal of Eastern African Studies, 8, 1, (2014), pp. 115–34.

 Justin Willis and Ngala Chome, ‘Marginalization and participation on the Kenya coast: the 2013 elections’, Journal of Eastern African Studies, 8, 1, (2014), pp. 115–34.)| false
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 Jeffrey Haynes, ‘Islam and democracy in East Africa’, Democratization, 2006, pp. 490–507; quote at p. 501.

 Jeffrey Haynes, ‘Islam and democracy in East Africa’, Democratization, 2006, pp. 490–507; quote at p. 501.)| false
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 John Esposito and John Voll, Islam and Democracy (New York and London: Oxford University Press, 1996), p. 16.

 John Esposito and John Voll, Islam and Democracy (New York and London: Oxford University Press, 1996), p. 16.)| false
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 Ghassan Salame, ‘Introduction’, p. 4, in Ghassan Salame (ed.), Democracy Without Democrats? The Renewal of Politics in the Arab World (I B Tauris: London and New York, 1994, pp. 1–20.

 Ghassan Salame, ‘Introduction’, p. 4, in Ghassan Salame (ed.), Democracy Without Democrats? The Renewal of Politics in the Arab World (I B Tauris: London and New York, 1994, pp. 1–20.)| false
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 Voll and Esposito, Islam and Democracy, pp. 19, 21.

 Voll and Esposito, Islam and Democracy, pp. 19, 21.)| false
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 Hugh Goddard, ‘Islam and Democracy’, Political Quarterly (2002) 73, no. 1, pp. 3–9, at pp. 8–9.

 Hugh Goddard, ‘Islam and Democracy’, Political Quarterly (2002) 73, no. 1, pp. 3–9, at pp. 8–9.)| false
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 Esposito and Piscatori, ‘Democratization and Islam’, p. 438.

 Esposito and Piscatori, ‘Democratization and Islam’, p. 438.)| false
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 Thordsen, New Muslim Activism, p. 25.

 Thordsen, New Muslim Activism, p. 25.)| false
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 See Hassan Ndzovu, Muslims in Kenyan Politics: Political Involvement, Marginalization, and Minority Status (Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 2014), 68–105.

 See Hassan Ndzovu, Muslims in Kenyan Politics: Political Involvement, Marginalization, and Minority Status (Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 2014), 68–105.)| false
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 Kai Kresse, ‘Muslim politics in postcolonial Kenya: negotiating knowledge on the double periphery’, Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute (2009), pp. 576–94, quote at p. 577; also Donal Cruise O’Brien, Symbolic Confrontations: Muslims Imagining the State in Africa (Hurst: London, 2003); Hassan Juma Ndzovu, ‘The politicization of Muslim organizations and the future of Islamic-oriented politics in Kenya’, Islamic Africa, 3, 1 (2012), pp. 25–53.

 Kai Kresse, ‘Muslim politics in postcolonial Kenya: negotiating knowledge on the double periphery’, Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute (2009), pp. 576–94, quote at p. 577; also Donal Cruise O’Brien, Symbolic Confrontations: Muslims Imagining the State in Africa (Hurst: London, 2003); Hassan Juma Ndzovu, ‘The politicization of Muslim organizations and the future of Islamic-oriented politics in Kenya’, Islamic Africa, 3, 1 (2012), pp. 25–53.)| false
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 James Brennan, ‘Lowering the Sultan’s flag: sovereignty and decolonization in coastal Kenya’, Comparative Studies in Society and History 50, 4 (2008), pp. 831–61.

 James Brennan, ‘Lowering the Sultan’s flag: sovereignty and decolonization in coastal Kenya’, Comparative Studies in Society and History 50, 4 (2008), pp. 831–61.)| false
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 Haynes, ‘Islam and democracy’, 493; Hassan Mwakimako, ‘Muslim ngos and community development’ in Mohamed Bakari and Saad Yahya, Islam in Kenya: Proceedings of the National Seminar on Contemporary Islam in Kenya (Nairobi: mewa, 1995), pp. 224–33.

 Haynes, ‘Islam and democracy’, 493; Hassan Mwakimako, ‘Muslim ngos and community development’ in Mohamed Bakari and Saad Yahya, Islam in Kenya: Proceedings of the National Seminar on Contemporary Islam in Kenya (Nairobi: mewa, 1995), pp. 224–33.)| false
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 Mohamed Bakari, ‘A place at the table: the political integration of Muslims in Kenya, 1963–2007’, Islamic Africa, 4, 1 (2013), pp. 15–48.

 Mohamed Bakari, ‘A place at the table: the political integration of Muslims in Kenya, 1963–2007’, Islamic Africa, 4, 1 (2013), pp. 15–48.)| false
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 Arye Oded, ‘Islamic extremism in Kenya: the rise and fall of Sheikh Khalid Balala’, Journal of Religion in Africa, 26 (4), 1996, pp. 406–15; Mwakimako, Mosques in Kenya, p. 51.

 Arye Oded, ‘Islamic extremism in Kenya: the rise and fall of Sheikh Khalid Balala’, Journal of Religion in Africa, 26 (4), 1996, pp. 406–15; Mwakimako, Mosques in Kenya, p. 51.)| false
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 Donal Cruise O’Brien, Symbolic Confrontations: Muslims Imagining the State in Africa (Hurst: London, 2003), pp. 92–93.

 Donal Cruise O’Brien, Symbolic Confrontations: Muslims Imagining the State in Africa (Hurst: London, 2003), pp. 92–93.)| false
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 Bakari, ‘Muslims and the politics of change’, p. 246.

 Bakari, ‘Muslims and the politics of change’, p. 246.)| false
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 Cruise O’Brien, Symbolic Confrontations, p. 97.

 Cruise O’Brien, Symbolic Confrontations, p. 97.)| false
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 Bakari, ‘Muslims and the politics of change’, p. 247.

 Bakari, ‘Muslims and the politics of change’, p. 247.)| false
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 Kresse, ‘Muslim politics’, pp. 577–78.

 Kresse, ‘Muslim politics’, pp. 577–78.)| false
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 Kresse, Muslim politics’, pp. 585–86.

 Oded, Islam and Politics in Kenya, pp. 47–72, 112–21.

 Oded, Islam and Politics in Kenya, pp. 47–72, 112–21.)| false
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 Thordsen, New Muslim Activism, . p. 11; Ndzovu, ‘The politicization of Muslim organizations’, pp. 30–31, 34; Oded, Islam and Politics in Kenya, pp. 60–66.

 Thordsen, New Muslim Activism, . p. 11; Ndzovu, ‘The politicization of Muslim organizations’, pp. 30–31, 34; Oded, Islam and Politics in Kenya, pp. 60–66.)| false
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 Oded, ‘Islamic extremism’, p. 412; Cruise O’Brien, Symbolic Confrontations, pp. 92–93.

 Oded, ‘Islamic extremism’, p. 412; Cruise O’Brien, Symbolic Confrontations, pp. 92–93.)| false
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 Thordsen, New Muslim Activism, pp. 16–18.

 Thordsen, New Muslim Activism, pp. 16–18.)| false
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 Ali Shee, Siasa na Islam, p. 58–60.

 Ali Shee, Siasa na Islam, p. 58–60.)| false
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 Bakari, ‘A place at the table’, p. 34.

 Bakari, ‘A place at the table’, p. 34.)| false
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 Abdulkadir Hashim, ‘Searching for religious authority: Muslims and religious leadership in Kenya’, Annual Review of Islam in South Africa, 8 (2005), http://www.cci.uct.ac.za/usr/cci/publications/aria/download_issues/2005/2005_hashim.pdf; cf ‘Raila remark on “Kaffir” draws anger from Muslims’, Daily Nation, 14 Nov. 2005.

 Abdulkadir Hashim, ‘Searching for religious authority: Muslims and religious leadership in Kenya’, Annual Review of Islam in South Africa, 8 (2005), http://www.cci.uct.ac.za/usr/cci/publications/aria/download_issues/2005/2005_hashim.pdf; cf ‘Raila remark on “Kaffir” draws anger from Muslims’, Daily Nation, 14 Nov. 2005.)| false
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 Abdelkader Tayob, ‘Kadhi’s courts in Kenya’s constitutional review (1998–2010): a changing approach to politics and state among Kenyan Muslim leaders’, Islamic Africa, 4, 1 (2013), p. 103–24.

 Abdelkader Tayob, ‘Kadhi’s courts in Kenya’s constitutional review (1998–2010): a changing approach to politics and state among Kenyan Muslim leaders’, Islamic Africa, 4, 1 (2013), p. 103–24.)| false
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 Jan Bachmann and Jana Honke, ‘“Peace and security” as counterterrorism? The political effects of liberal intervention in Kenya’, African Affairs, 109, 434 (2009), pp. 97–114.

 Jan Bachmann and Jana Honke, ‘“Peace and security” as counterterrorism? The political effects of liberal intervention in Kenya’, African Affairs, 109, 434 (2009), pp. 97–114.)| false
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 Da’wa, ‘Kadhis courts are important to Muslims, protect them’, Friday Bulletin, 365, 30 Apr. 2010.

 Da’wa, ‘Kadhis courts are important to Muslims, protect them’, Friday Bulletin, 365, 30 Apr. 2010.)| false
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 Da’wa, ‘Irony of enjoining evil and forbidding good’, Friday Bulletin, 350, 15 Jan. 2010.

 Da’wa, ‘Irony of enjoining evil and forbidding good’, Friday Bulletin, 350, 15 Jan. 2010.)| false
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 E. Kramon and D. Posner, ‘Kenya’s new constitution’, Journal of Democracy, 22, 2 (2011), pp. 89–103.

 E. Kramon and D. Posner, ‘Kenya’s new constitution’, Journal of Democracy, 22, 2 (2011), pp. 89–103.)| false
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 Esposito and Piscatori, ‘Democratization and Islam’, p. 435.

 Esposito and Piscatori, ‘Democratization and Islam’, p. 435.)| false
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 Justin Willis and George Gona, ‘Pwani C Kenya? Memory, documents and secessionist politics in coastal Kenya’, African Affairs, 112, 46 (2013), pp. 48–71.

 Justin Willis and George Gona, ‘Pwani C Kenya? Memory, documents and secessionist politics in coastal Kenya’, African Affairs, 112, 46 (2013), pp. 48–71.)| false
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 Peter Kagwanja, ‘Counterterrorism in the Horn of Africa: new security frontiers, old strategies’, Africa Security Review, 15, 3 (2006), pp. 72–86.

 Peter Kagwanja, ‘Counterterrorism in the Horn of Africa: new security frontiers, old strategies’, Africa Security Review, 15, 3 (2006), pp. 72–86.)| false
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 Lind and Howell, Aid, Civil Society and the State, pp. 14–16; Bachman and Honke, ‘“Peace and security”’.

 Lind and Howell, Aid, Civil Society and the State, pp. 14–16; Bachman and Honke, ‘“Peace and security”’.)| false
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 Thordsen, New Muslim Activism, p. 78; Ndzovu, ‘The politicization of Muslim organizations’, p. 44.

 Thordsen, New Muslim Activism, p. 78; Ndzovu, ‘The politicization of Muslim organizations’, p. 44.)| false
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 Editorial ‘Choices 2013: the language of peace’, Friday Bulletin, 513, 1 Mar. 2013.

 Wael Shihab, ‘Voting values: a Muslim perspective’, Friday Bulletin, 506, 11 Jan. 2013.

 Wael Shihab, ‘Voting values: a Muslim perspective’, Friday Bulletin, 506, 11 Jan. 2013.)| false
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 Da’wa, ‘Advice to Muslims regarding the elections’, Friday Bulletin, 512, 22 Feb. 2013.

 Da’wa, ‘Advice to Muslims regarding the elections’, Friday Bulletin, 512, 22 Feb. 2013.)| false
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 For example Hassan ole Naado, ‘Muslims should take sides but on principle’, The Star, 31 Dec. 2012.

 For example Hassan ole Naado, ‘Muslims should take sides but on principle’, The Star, 31 Dec. 2012.)| false
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 Hannah Whittaker, ‘The socio-economic dynamics of the Shifta conflict in Kenya, c. 1963–68’, Journal of African History, 53, 3, (2008), pp. 391–408

 Hannah Whittaker, ‘The socio-economic dynamics of the Shifta conflict in Kenya, c. 1963–68’, Journal of African History, 53, 3, (2008), pp. 391–408)| false
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 Ndzovu, ‘The politicization of Muslim organizations’, p. 51.

 Ndzovu, ‘The politicization of Muslim organizations’, p. 51.)| false
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 Bakari, ‘A place at the table’, p. 47.

 Bakari, ‘A place at the table’, p. 47.)| false
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