The present article examines whether the modern State of Turkey (which was officially proclaimed in 1923) can be held responsible under international law for internationally wrongful acts which were committed by the Ottoman Empire against the Armenian population during and shortly after World War I. The first part examines whether Turkey should be considered as the ‘continuing’ State of the Ottoman Empire or whether it should instead be deemed as a ‘new’ State. Part 2 will examine the legal consequences in terms of international responsibility for considering Turkey as the ‘continuing’ State of the Ottoman Empire. This will include an examination of case law and State practice in the context of secession and cession of territory. The conclusion is that Turkey should be held responsible for all internationally wrongful acts committed by the Ottoman Empire (including acts of genocide) which were committed before its disintegration.
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Brigitte Stern, ‘La succession d’États’, R.C.A.D.I., t. 262 (1996) 40.
Stern, supra note 8, p. 52; Czaplinski, supra note 6, p. 379; Marek, supra note 7, pp. 7, 9.
Marek, supra note 7, p. 23-24 (for a review of doctrine); E.J. Castren, ‘Aspects récents de la succession d’États’, R.C.A.D.I., vol. 78(I) (1951) 393.
Kunz, supra note 12, 72.
Crawford, supra note 12, p. 673; Konrad G. Bühler, State Succession and Membership in International Organizations: Legal Theories versus Political Pragmatism (Martinus Nijhoff, Leiden, The Netherlands, 2001), p. 15; Ineta Ziemele, ‘Is the Distinction between State Continuity and State Succession Reality or Fiction? The Russian Federation, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and Germany’, Baltic Yearbook of International law (2001) 216; Kunz, supra note 12, 72; G. Cansacchi, ‘Identité et continuité des sujets de droit international’, R.C.A.D.I., t. 130(I) (1970) 25.
Ziemele, supra note 17, 215; Marek, supra note 7, p. 40; Crawford, supra note 12, p. 676.
Marek, supra note 7, p. 24 et seq.
Kunz, supra note 12, 73.
Marek, supra note 7, p. 40. Contra: Enrico Zamuner, ‘Le Rapport entre Empire ottoman et République turque face au droit international’, 6 J. Hist. Int’l L. (2004) 230-231.
Kunz, supra note 12, 71; Czaplinski, supra note 6, 378.
Akcam, supra note 14, p. 11.
Stern, supra note 8, 74; Czaplinski, supra note 6, 377.
Stern, supra note 8, 80.
Cansacchi, supra note, 17, 31.
Zamuner, supra note 21, 210; Aram Kuyumjian, ‘The Armenian Genocide: International Legal and Political Avenues for Turkey’s Responsibility’, 41 R.D.U.S. (2011) 283; Oktem, supra note 26, 575-576.
Oktem, supra note 26, 577.
Cansacchi, supra note 17, 32.
Czaplinski, supra note 6, p. 379.
Stern, supra note 8, 60, 66-67, 85.
Oktem, supra note 26, 577; Cansacchi, supra note 17, 32; M. Udina, ‘La succession des États quant aux obligations internationales autres que les dettes publiques’, R.C.A.D.I, t. 44 (1933) 688.
Vladimir D. Degan, ‘Création et disparition de l’Etat (à la lumière du démembrement de trois fédérations multiethniques en Europe)’, R.C.A.D.I., t. 279 (1999) 304; Cansacchi, supra note 17, 35; Zamuner, supra note 21, 225.
Oktem, supra note 26, 575 et seq.; A. Sottile, ‘Eugène Borel: Son rôle dans la jurisprudence internationale, sa sentence arbitrale sur la répartition de la dette ottoman’, 4 Revue de droit international, de sciences diplomatiques et politiques, (1926), 106; Kunz, supra note 12, 68, 72; Kuyumjian, supra note 30, 283; Cansacchi, supra note 17, 29, 32; Czaplinski, supra note 6, 376; Pekka T. Talari, ‘State Succession in Respect to Debts: The Effect of State Succession in the 1990’s on the Rule of Law’, 7 Finnish Y.I.L. (1996) 150; Vahakn N. Dadrian, ‘The Armenian Genocide as a Dual Problem of National and International Law’, 4 University of St. Thomas Journal of Law and Public Policy (2009-2010) 75; M. Bibliowicksz, ‘The Armenian Genocide: Legacies and Challenges of a Silenced Past’, 16 Sri Lanka JIL (2004) 41; Toriguian, supra note 32, p. 109-112; Joe Verhoeven, ‘The Armenian People and International Law’, in Gerard Libaridian (ed.), A Crime of Silence, The Armenian Genocide: Permanent Peoples’ Tribunal (Zed Books Ltd., London, 1985), pp. 206-7; Ziemele, supra note 17, 215.
Zamuner, supra note 21, 230-231.
Zamuner, supra note 21, 224.
Stern, supra note 8, 41.
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The present article examines whether the modern State of Turkey (which was officially proclaimed in 1923) can be held responsible under international law for internationally wrongful acts which were committed by the Ottoman Empire against the Armenian population during and shortly after World War I. The first part examines whether Turkey should be considered as the ‘continuing’ State of the Ottoman Empire or whether it should instead be deemed as a ‘new’ State. Part 2 will examine the legal consequences in terms of international responsibility for considering Turkey as the ‘continuing’ State of the Ottoman Empire. This will include an examination of case law and State practice in the context of secession and cession of territory. The conclusion is that Turkey should be held responsible for all internationally wrongful acts committed by the Ottoman Empire (including acts of genocide) which were committed before its disintegration.
All Time | Past 365 days | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 347 | 98 | 11 |
Full Text Views | 216 | 4 | 0 |
PDF Views & Downloads | 58 | 10 | 0 |