“Crusaders” and the Islamic State Apocalypse
In: International Journal of Military History and HistoriographyAbstract
Islamic State propaganda manipulated and combined a culturally embedded sense of Islamic history with a heady, potent mixture of classical and radical apocalyptic, and real and supposed Islamic authority, both sacred and profane. Tapping into a widespread belief in the approach of the Last Hour, the group attempted to change an established “crusader master narrative” by giving “crusaders” and their “crusade” integral roles in Islamic sacred history and an impending Islamic State apocalypse.
Purchase
Buy instant access (PDF download and unlimited online access):
Institutional Login
Log in with Open Athens, Shibboleth, or your institutional credentials
Personal login
Log in with your brill.com account
-
Al Raffie, Dina. “Hearts and Minds? Narratives and Counter Narratives of Salafi Jihadism.” Journal of Terrorism Research 3 (2012), 13–31.
-
Al-Zo’by, Mazhar. ‘“Frankish Invasions’ and ‘a Cosmic Struggle Between Islam and Christianity’ – a View from Jordan.” In Controversial Histories – Current Views on the Crusades, eds. Felix Hinz and Johannes Meyer-Hamme (Abingdon: Routledge, 2020), 24–25.
-
Awan, Akil N. “Weaponising the Crusades: Justifying Terrorism and Political Violence.” In The Crusades in the Modern World (Abingdon: Routledge, 2020), 4–24.
-
Baele, Stephane J., et al. “isis’s Clash of Civilizations: Constructing the ‘West’ in Terrorist Propaganda.” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism (2019). DOI https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2019.1599192.
-
Berger, J. M. “The Metronome of Apocalyptic Time: Social Media as Carrier Wave for Millenarian Contagion.” Perspectives on Terrorism 9 (2015), 61–71.
-
Berger, J. M. “Extremist Construction of Identity: How Escalating Demands for Legitimacy Shape and Define In-Group and Out-Group Dynamics.” The International Centre for Counter-Terrorism – The Hague 8 (2017), DOI https://doi.org/10.19165/2017.1.07.
-
Bhatia, Umej. Forgetting Osama bin Munqidh. Remembering Osama bin Laden: The Crusades in Modern Muslim Memory (Singapore: S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies, 2008).
-
Boutz, Jennifer, Hannah Benninger, and Alia Lancaster. “Exploiting the Prophet’s Authority: How Islamic State Propaganda Uses Hadith Quotation to Assert Legitimacy.” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 42 (2019), 972–96.
-
C. Brockelmann, “Ibn Ḥibbān.” In Encyclopaedia of Islam One, eds. M. Th. Houtsma, T. W. Arnold, R. Basset, and R. Hartmann. DOI https://doi.org/10.1163/2214-871X_ei1_SIM_3007.
-
Brown, Jonathan. The Canonization of al- Bukhārī and Muslim: The Formation and Function of the Sunni Ḥadīth Canon (Leiden: Brill, 2013).
-
Cobb, Paul. The Race for Paradise: An Islamic History of the Crusades (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014).
-
Cook, David. Studies in Muslim Apocalyptic (Princeton, NJ: Darwin Press, 2002)
-
Cook, David. Contemporary Muslim Apocalyptic Literature, (New York: Syracuse University Press, 2005).
-
Cook, David. “Abu Muṣ‘ab al-Sūrī and Abu Muṣ‘ab al-Zarqawī: The Apocalyptic Theorist and the Apocalyptic Practitioner.” In Apocalyptic Complex: Perspectives, Histories, Persistence, eds. Nadia Al-Bagdadi, David Marno, and Matthias Riedl (Budapest: Central European University Press, 2018), 281–298.
-
Drory, Joseph. “Early Muslim Reflections on the Crusaders.” Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam 25 (2001), 92–101.
-
Durak, Koray. “Who Are the Romans? The Definition of Bilād al-Rūm (Land of the Romans) in Medieval Islamic Geographies.” Journal of Intercultural Studies 31 (2010), 285–98.
-
El-Azhari, Taef Kamal. “The Former Victors Over the Crusades in Palestine – a View from Egypt.” In Controversial Histories – Current Views on the Crusades, eds. Felix Hinz and Johannes Meyer-Hamme (Abingdon: Routledge, 2020), 45–46.
-
El-Cheikh, Nadia, and C. E. Bosworth. “Rūm.” In Encyclopaedia of Islam Two, eds. P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C. E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, and W. P. Heinrichs. DOI https://doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0939.
-
Elisséeff, Nikita. “The Reaction of the Syrian Muslims after the Foundation of the First Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem.” In Crusaders and Muslims in Twelfth-Century Syria, ed. Maya Shatzmiller (New York: Brill, 1993), 162–72.
-
Ersan, Mehmet. “A Hostile and Aggressive Stance of the West Towards Turkey Based on Othering and a Double Standard – a View from Turkey.” In Controversial Histories – Current Views on the Crusades, eds. Felix Hinz and Johannes Meyer-Hamme (Abingdon: Routledge, 2020), 47–49.
-
Fiala, Andrew. “Crusades, Just Wars, and The Bush Doctrine.” Peace Review 19 (2007), 165–72.
-
Fiala, Andrew. “The Bush Doctrine, Democratization, and Humanitarian Intervention: A Just War Critique.” Theoria: A Journal of Social and Political Theory 114 (2007), 28–47.
-
Fiala, Andrew. “The Crusade for Freedom: A Just War Critique of The Bush Doctrine.” The Journal of Political Theology 9 (2008), 47–60.
-
Filiu, Jean-Pierre. Apocalypse in Islam, trans. M. B. DeBevoise (Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press, 2011).
-
Fromson, James and Steven Simon. “isis: The Dubious Paradise of Apocalypse Now.” Survival 57 (2015), 7–56.
-
Fück, J. W. “Ibn Ḥibbān.” In Encyclopaedia of Islam Two, eds. P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C. E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, and W. P. Heinrichs. DOI https://doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_3199.
-
Funk, Nathan C., and Abdul Aziz Said. “Islam and the West: Narratives of Conflict and Conflict Transformation.” International Journal of Peace Studies 9 (2004), 1–28.
-
Gartenstein-Ross, Daveed, Nathaniel Barr, and Bridget Moreng. “The Islamic State’s Global Propaganda Strategy.” The International Centre for Counter-Terrorism – the Hague 7 (2016), DOI https://doi.org/10.19165/2016.1.01.
-
Haddad, Yvonne Y., and Jane I. Smith. “The Anti-Christ and the End of Time in Christian and Muslim Eschatological Literature.” The Muslim World 100 (2010), 505–29.
-
Halverson, Jeffrey, H. Lloyd Goodall, and Steven Corman. Master Narratives of Islamist Extremism (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011).
-
Hammad, Mona, and Edward Peters. “Islam and the Crusades: a Nine Hundred-Year-Long Grievance?” In Seven Myths of the Crusades, eds. Alfred J. Andrea and Andrew Holt (Indianapolis, IN: Hackett Publishing, 2015), 127–49.
-
Hegghamer, Thomas. “Global Jihadism after the Iraq War.” Middle East Journal 60 (2006), 11–32.
-
Hillenbrand, Carole. The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1999).
-
Hirschler, Konrad. “The Jerusalem Conquest of 492/1099 in the Medieval Arabic Historiography of the Crusades: From Regional Plurality to Islamic Narrative.” Crusades 13 (2014), 37–76.
-
Ingram, Haroro J. The Charismatic Leadership Phenomenon in Radical and Militant Islamism (Farnham: Ashgate Publishing Company, 2013).
-
Ingram, Haroro J. “An Analysis of Inspire and Dabiq: Lessons from aqap and Islamic State’s Propaganda War.” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 40 (2016), 357–75.
-
Ingram, Haroro J. “An Analysis of Islamic State’s Dabiq Magazine.” Australian Journal of Political Science 51 (2016), 458–477.
-
Ingram, Haroro J. “Islamic State’s English-Language Magazines, 2014–2017: Trends & Implications for ct-cve Strategic Communications.” The International Centre for Counter-Terrorism – the Hague 15 (2018), DOI https://doi.org/10.19165/2018.1.03.
-
Isa, Mohamad. “A State of Continuous Rape and Violation – a View from Syria.” In Controversial Histories – Current Views on the Crusades, eds. Felix Hinz and Johannes Meyer-Hamme (Abingdon: Routledge, 2020), 62–63.
-
Juergensmeyer, Mark. “How Cosmic War Ends: The Case of Isis.” Numen 65 (2018), 125–40.
-
Kepel, Gilles. Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam, trans. Anthony F. Roberts (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002).
-
Kirke, Alexander. “Violence and Political Myth: Radicalizing Believers in the Pages of Inspire Magazine.” International Political Sociology 9 (2015), 283–298.
-
Kuznar, Lawrence A. “The Stability of the Islamic State Narrative: Implications for the Future.” Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict 10 (2017), 40–53.
-
Laghmari, Mehdi. “Situating Islamic State’s Message: A Social and Theological Genealogy.” In ISIS Propaganda: A Full-Spectrum Extremist Message, Oxford Scholarship Online, eds. Stephane Baele, Katharine Boyd, and Travis Coan (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019), DOI:https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190932459.003id>.
-
Landes, Richard. “Enraged Millennialism: Global Jihad (1400–1500 ah / 1979–2076 ce.” In Richard Landes, Heaven on Earth: The Varieties of the Millennial Experience (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011), 421–66.
-
Lia, Brynjar. Architect of Global Jihad: The Life of Al-Qaeda Strategist Abu Mus’ab Al-Suri (London: Hurst & Co., 2008).
-
Lounnas, Djallil. “The Failed Ideological Hybridization of the Islamic State.” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism (2020), DOI https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2020.1759186.
-
Mahood, Samantha, and Halim Rane. “Islamist Narratives in isis Recruitment Propaganda.” The Journal of International Communication 23 (2017), 15–35.
-
Marone, Francesco, and Marco Olimpio. “‘We Will Conquer Your Rome’: Italy and the Vatican in the Islamic State’s Propaganda.” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism (2020). DOI https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2020.1776952.
-
McCants, William. The ISIS Apocalypse: The History, Strategy, and Doomsday Vision of the Islamic State(New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2015).
-
Melchert, Christopher, “Ibn Māja.” In Encyclopaedia of Islam Three, eds. Kate Fleet, Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, John Nawas, and Everett Rowson, DOI https://doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_30647
-
Melchert, Christopher. “Abū Dāwūd al-Sijistānī.” In Encyclopaedia of Islam Three, eds. Kate Fleet, Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, John Nawas, and Everett Rowson, DOI https://doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_SIM_0024
-
Melchert, Christopher. Ahmad ibn Hanbal (Oxford: Oneworld Publications, 2006).
-
Nanninga, Pieter. “‘Among the Believers Are Men’: How Islamic State uses Early-Islamic Traditions to Shape its Martyr Biographies.” Numen 65 (2018), 165–84.
-
Nettler, Ronald L. Past Trials and Present Tribulations: A Muslim Fundamentalist’s View of the Jews (Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1987).
-
Ostřanský, Bronislav. The Jihadist Preachers of the End Times: ISIS Apocalyptic Propaganda (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2019).
-
Perry, Samuel P., and Jerry Mark Long. “‘Why Would Anyone Sell Paradise?’: The Islamic State in Iraq and the Making of a Martyr”, Southern Communication Journal 81 (2016), 1–17.
-
Qutb, Sayyid. “Social Justice in Islam.” In Sayyid Qutb and Islamic Activism: A Translation and Critical Analysis of ‘Social Justice in Islam’, ed. William E. Shepard (Leiden: Brill, 1996), 309–311.
-
Qutb, Sayyid. Milestones, trans. unknown, ed. A. B. al-Mehri (Birmingham, 2006).
-
Rane, Halim. “Narratives and Counter-Narratives of Islamist Extremism.” In Violent Extremism Online: New Perspectives on Terrorism and the Internet, eds. Anne Aly, Stuart Macdonald, Lee Jarvis, and Thomas Chen (London: Routledge, 2016), 167–86.
-
Reed, Alastair, and Jennifer Dowling. “The Role of Historical Narratives in Extremist Propaganda.” Defence Strategic Communications 4 (2018), 79–104.
-
Riley-Smith. Jonathan, The Crusades, Christianity and Islam (New York: Columbia University Press, 2008).
-
Robson, J. “al-Ḥākim al-Naysābūrī.” In Encyclopaedia of Islam Two, eds. P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C. E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, and W. P. Heinrichs, DOI https://doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_2638
-
Roche, Jason T. “Islamic State and the Appropriation of the Crusades – a Medieval Historian’s Take.” Accessed 28 February 2020, https://theconversation.com/islamic-state-and-the-appropriation-of-the-crusades-a-medieval-historians-take-75319.
-
Segrest, Scott Philip. “isis’s Will to Apocalypse.” Politics, Religion and Ideology 17 (2016), 352–69.
-
Shoemaker, Stephen J. The Apocalypse of Empire: Imperial Eschatology in Late Antiquity and Early Islam (Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2018).
-
Skovgaard-Peterson, Jakob. “Heirs of Abu Bakr: On the Ideology and Conception of History in al-Qaeda and Islamic State.” Connections: The Quarterly Journal 16 (2017), 25–36.
-
Sookhdeo, Patrick. Global Jihad: The Future in the Face of Militant Islam (Vienna, VA: Isaac Publishing, 2007).
-
The Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life. The World’s Muslims: Unity and Diversity. Accessed 18 November 2020, https://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-3-articles-of-faith/#_ftnref17.
-
The Qu’ran, trans. M. A. S. Abdel Haleem, rev. ed. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016).
-
Tyerman, Christopher. God’s War: A New History of the Crusades (London: Penguin, 2006).
-
Welch, Tyler. “Theology, Heroism, Justice, and Fear: An Analysis of isis Propaganda Magazines Dabiq and Rumiyah.” Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict 11 (2018), 186–198.
-
Wiktorowicz, Quintan. “A Genealogy of Radical Islam.” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 28 (2005), 75–97.
-
Zeidan, David. “The Islamic Fundamentalist View of Life as a Perennial Battle.” Middle East Review of International Affairs 5 (2001), 26–53.
| All Time | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 854 | 760 | 26 |
| Full Text Views | 43 | 41 | 0 |
| PDF Views & Downloads | 93 | 87 | 0 |
“Crusaders” and the Islamic State Apocalypse
In: International Journal of Military History and HistoriographyAbstract
Islamic State propaganda manipulated and combined a culturally embedded sense of Islamic history with a heady, potent mixture of classical and radical apocalyptic, and real and supposed Islamic authority, both sacred and profane. Tapping into a widespread belief in the approach of the Last Hour, the group attempted to change an established “crusader master narrative” by giving “crusaders” and their “crusade” integral roles in Islamic sacred history and an impending Islamic State apocalypse.
| All Time | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 854 | 760 | 26 |
| Full Text Views | 43 | 41 | 0 |
| PDF Views & Downloads | 93 | 87 | 0 |