This article uses a comparative approach to analyze the strengths and limitations of the inclusion of religious actors in peace and transition processes. It compares the theoretical frameworks of Bercovitch and Kadayifci-Orellana, and Brewer, demonstrating how the first helps us understand the strengths of religious actors, while the second sheds more light on their limitations. An analysis of the involvement of religious actors in the peace processes in Northern Ireland and Bosnia and Herzegovina supports the argument that religious actors are more likely to contribute to peace when they are excluded from Track One negotiations and are active in other modalities of participation: in wider social peace processes at national or grass-roots levels. Religious actors can contribute to peace processes especially if they choose to exclude themselves from Track One negotiations in order to avoid the pitfalls of becoming too closely associated with political power.
Purchase
Buy instant access (PDF download and unlimited online access):
Institutional Login
Log in with Open Athens, Shibboleth, or your institutional credentials
Personal login
Log in with your brill.com account
Abu-Nimer, Mohammed (2003). Nonviolence and Peace Building in Islam: Theory and Practice. Gainesville: University Press of Florida.
Appleby, R. Scott (2001). “Religion as an Agent of Conflict Transformation and Peacebuilding,” in Chester A. Crocker, Pamela R. Aall, and Fen Osler Hampson, editors, Turbulent Peace: The Challenges of Managing International Conflict, 2nd ed. Washington, D.C.: United States Institute of Peace Press, 821–840.
Appleby, R. Scott (2000). The Ambivalence of the Sacred: Religion, Violence, and Reconciliation. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
Appleby, R. Scott, Robert J. Schreiter and Gerard Powers (2010). Peacebuilding: Catholic Theology, Ethics, and Praxis. Maryknoll, N.Y: Orbis Books.
Bennett, Christopher (1997). Yugoslavia’s Bloody Collapse: Causes, Course and Consequences. New York: New York University Press.
BBC (2010). “Karadzic Defends Bosnian Serb ‘Holy’ Cause at Trial.” March 1, at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/8542297.stm.
Bercovitch, Jacob (1986). “International Mediation: A Study of the Incidence, Strategies and Conditions of Successful Outcomes.” Cooperation and Conflict 21, 3: 155–168.
Bercovitch, Jacob and Ayse S. Kadayifci-Orellana (2009). “Religion and Mediation: The Role of Faith-Based Actors in International Conflict Resolution.” International Negotiation 14, 1: 175–204.
Berkley Center for Religion, Peace & World Affairs (2013). Bosnia: Ethno-Religious Nationalisms in Conflict, Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University. At: http://repository.berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/130801BCBosniaEthnoReligiousNationalismsConflict.pdf.
Boulding, Elise (1984). “Two Cultures of Religion as Obstacles to Peace.” Zygon: Journal of Religion & Science 21, 4: 501–518.
Brewer, John D. and Gareth Higgins (1998). Anti-Catholicism in Northern Ireland, 1600–1998: The Mote and the Beam. Basingstoke: Macmillan Press.
Brewer, John D., Gareth Higgins and Francis Teeney (2010). “Religious Peacemaking: A Conceptualisation.” Sociology 44, 6: 1019–1037.
Brewer, John D. (2011). Religion, Civil Society and Peace in Northern Ireland. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Brewer, John D. and Francis Teeney (2015). “Violence, Tolerance and Religious Peacebuilding in Northern Ireland,” in Stanley D. Brunn, editor, The Changing World Religion Map, vol. 5. London: Springer, 3649–3668.
Bruce, Steve (1986). God Save Ulster! The Religion and Politics of Paisleyism. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Bruce, Steve (2007). Paisley: Religion and Politics in Northern Ireland. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Brudholm, Thomas and Thomas Cushman, eds. (2009). The Religious Response to Mass Atrocity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Cavanaugh, William T. (2007). “Does Religion Cause Violence? Behind the Common Question Lies a Morass of Unclear Thinking.” Harvard Divinity Bulletin 35, 2, 3: 22–35.
Cavanaugh, William T. (2009). The Myth of Religious Violence: Secular Ideology and the Roots of Modern Conflict. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Clayton, Pamela (1998). “Religion, Ethnicity and Colonialism as Explanations of the Conflict in Northern Ireland,” in David Miller, editor, Rethinking Northern Ireland. London: Longman, 40–54.
Coulter, Colin (1999). Contemporary Northern Irish Society: An Introduction. London: Pluto Press.
Farrington, Christopher (2006). Ulster Unionism and the Peace Process in Northern Ireland. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Ganiel, Gladys (2006). “Ulster Says Maybe: The Restructuring of Evangelical Politics in Northern Ireland.” Irish Political Studies 21, 2: 137–155.
Ganiel, Gladys (2007). “Preaching to the Choir: An Analysis of DUP Discourses about the Peace Process.” Irish Political Studies 22, 3: 303–320.
Ganiel, Gladys (2008). Evangelicalism and Conflict in Northern Ireland. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Ganiel, Gladys and Paul Dixon (2008). “Religion in Northern Ireland: Rethinking Fundamentalism and the Prospects for Conflict Transformation.” Journal of Peace Research 45, 3: 419–436.
Gopin, Marc (2002). Between Eden and Armageddon: The Future of World Religions, Violence, and Peacemaking. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Gopin, Marc (2001). “Forgiveness as an Element of Conflict Resolution in Religious Cultures: Walking the Tightrope of Reconciliation and Justice,” in Mohammed Abu-Nimer, editor, Reconciliation, Justice, and Coexistence: Theory and Practice. Oxford: Lexington Books, 87–99.
Harden, Blaine and Carlotta Gall (1999). “Crisis in the Balkans: The Serbian Orthodox: Church of Milosevic’s Rise Now Sends Mixed Message,” The New York Times, July 4. At: http://www.nytimes.com/1999/07/04/world/crisis-balkans-serbian-orthodox-church-milosevic-s-rise-now-sends-mixed-message.html.
Hitchens, Christopher (2009). God Is Not Great: How Religion Poisons Everything. New York: Twelve.
Holbrooke, Richard (1999). To End a War. New York: Random House.
Huntington, Samuel P. (1993). “The Clash of Civilizations?” Foreign Affairs 72, 3: 22–49.
Huntington, Samuel P. (2002). The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order. New York: Free Press.
Juergensmeyer, Mark (1993). The New Cold War? Religious Nationalism Confronts the Secular State. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Juergensmeyer, Mark (2003). Terror in the Mind of God: The Global Rise of Religious Violence. 3rd ed., rev. and updated. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Kadayifci-Orellana, S. Ayse (2009). “Ethno-Religious Conflicts: Exploring the Role of Religion in Conflict Resolution,” in Jacob Bercovitch, Victor Kremenyuk and I. William Zartman, editors, The SAGE Handbook of Conflict Resolution. London: Sage, 264–280.
Kaldor, Mary (2013). New and Old Wars: Organised Violence in a Global Era, 3rd ed. Cambridge: Polity.
Kivimäki, Timo, Marina Kramer, and Paul Pasch (2012). The Dynamics of Conflict in the Multi-Ethnic State of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Sarajevo: Friedrich-Ebert Stiftung.
Krause, Kenneth (2015). “Religion, Violence, and Terrorism.” Skeptic 20, 1: 48–56.
Marsden, Lee, ed. (2012). The Ashgate Companion to Religion and Conflict Resolution. Farnham: Ashgate.
McGarry, John and Brendan O’Leary (1995). Explaining Northern Ireland: Broken Images. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
McKeever (2017). One Man, One God: The Peace Ministry of Fr Alec Reid CSsR. Dublin: Redemptorist Communications.
Mekić, Sejad (2017). A Muslim Reformist in Communist Yugoslavia: The Life and Thought of Husein Dozo. London: Routledge.
Merdjanova, Ina (2013). Rediscovering the Umma: Muslims in the Balkans between Nationalism and Transnationalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Merdjanova, Ina and Patrice Brodeur (2010). Religion as a Conversation Starter: Interreligious Dialogue for Peacebuilding in the Balkans. London: Bloomsbury Academic.
Michel, Thomas S. J. (2008). “Peaceful Movements in the Muslim World,” in Thomas F. Banchoff, editor, Religious Pluralism, Globalization, and World Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 239–243.
Mitchel, Patrick (2003). Evangelicalism and National Identity in Ulster, 1921–1998. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Mitchell, Claire (2006). Religion, Identity and Politics in Northern Ireland. Aldershot: Ashgate.
Mitchell, Claire and Gladys Ganiel (2011). Evangelical Journeys: Choice and Change in a Northern Ireland Religious Subculture. Dublin: UCD Press.
Mitchell, George (1999). Making Peace: The Inside Story of the Making of the Good Friday Agreement. London: William Heinemann.
Newell, Ken (2016). Captured by a Vision. Newtownards: Colourpoint Books.
Omer, Atalia, R. Scott Appleby and David Little (2015). The Oxford Companion of Religion, Conflict and Peacebuilding. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Paffenholz, Thania (2014). “Civil Society and Peace Negotiations: Beyond the Inclusion–Exclusion Dichotomy.” Negotiation Journal 30, 1: 69–91.
Partos, Gabriel (1997). “Religion and Nationalism in the Balkans: A Deadly Combination?” in Martin E. Marty and R. Scott Appleby, editors, Religion, Ethnicity, and Self-Identity: Nations in Turmoil, 89–124. Hanover: University Press of New England.
Ramet, Sabrina Petra (1996). “Nationalism and the ‘Idiocy’ of the Countryside: The Case of Serbia.” Research Gate 19: 70–87.
Rapoport, David C. (1992). “Some General Observations on Religion and Violence,” in Mark K. Juergensmeyer, editor, Violence and the Sacred in the Modern World. London: Frank Cass, 118–140.
Robinson, B. A. (2007). “Religious Aspects of the Yugoslavia – Kosovo Conflict”. Religious Tolerance. Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance. At: http://www.religioustolerance.org/war_koso.htm.
Rubin, Alissa J. (1999). “Religious Identity at the Heart of Balkan War.” Los Angeles Times. April 18. At: http://articles.latimes.com/1999/apr/18/news/mn-28714.
Said, Abdul Aziz, Nathan C. Funk and Ayse S. Kadayifci, (2001). Peace and Conflict Resolution in Islam: Precept and Practice. Lanham, MD: University Press of America.
Sampson, Cynthia (1994). “To Make the Real Bond Between Us All: Quaker Conciliation During Nigerian Civil War,” in Douglas Johnston and Cynthia Sampson, editors, Religion: The Missing Dimension of Statecraft. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Sampson, Cynthia and John Paul Lederach (2000). From the Ground Up: Mennonite Contributions to International Peacebuilding. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Sells, Michael A (1998). The Bridge Betrayed: Religion and Genocide in Bosnia, new ed. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Silvestri, Sara and Mayall, James (2015). The Role of Religion in Conflict and Peacebuilding London: British Academy.
Spahic-Siljak, Zilka (2014). Shining Humanity: Life Stories of Women in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
Spahic-Siljak, Zilka (2012). Contesting Female, Feminist, and Muslim Identities – Post-Socialist Contexts of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Kosovo. Sarajevo: CIPS, University of Sarajevo.
Stefanov, Janko (2012). Peaceful Life in a Land of War: Religion & the Balkan Conflicts. World Student Christian Federation – Europe. At: http://wscf-europe.org/mozaik-issues/peaceful-life-in-a-land-of-war-religion-and-the-balkan-conflicts/.
Svensson, Isak (2012). Ending Holy Wars: Religion and Conflict Resolution in Civil Wars. St Lucia, Queensland: University of Queensland Press.
Toft, Monica Duffy, Daniel Philpott, and Timothy Samuel Shah (2011). God’s Century: Resurgent Religion and Global Politics. New York: W.W. Norton and Company.
Tonge, Jonathan, Maire Braniff, Thomas Hennessey, and James W. McAuley (2014). The Democratic Unionist Party: From Protest to Power. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
United Nations (1995). Agenda Item 28: the Situation in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Attachment: General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina. New York: United Nations General Assembly/ Security Council, A/50/790 & S/1995/999, Nov. 30. At: http://peacemaker.un.org/sites/peacemaker.un.org/files/BA_951121_DaytonAgreement.pdf.
Velikonja, Mitja (2003). Religious Separation and Political Intolerance in Bosnia-Herzegovina. College Station: Texas A&M University Press.
Wanis-St. John, Anthony (2006). “Back Channel Negotiation: International Bargaining in the Shadows.” Negotiation Journal 22, 2: 119–144.
Wanis-St. John, Anthony and Kew Darren (2008). “Civil Society and Peace Negotiations: Confronting Exclusion.” International Negotiation 13, 1: 11–36.
Wells, Ronald (2004). Friendship Towards Peace: The Journey of Ken Newell and Gerry Reynolds. Dublin: Columba.
Wells, Ronald (2010). Hope and Reconciliation in Northern Ireland: The Role of Faith-Based Organisations. Dublin: Liffey Press.
Weingardt, Markus A. (2008). “Das Friedenspotential von Religionen in Politischen Konflikten: Beispiele Erfolgreicher Religionsbasierter Konfliktintervention,” in Manfred Brocker and Mathias Hildebrandt, editors, Friedensstiftende Religionen? Religion und die Deeskalation Politischer Konflikte. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 299–327.
Weingardt, Markus A. (2007). Religion Macht Frieden: Das Friedenspotential von Religionen in politischen Gewaltkonflikten. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer.
WSCF Europe (2015). History of the Interreligious Council of Bosnia & Herzegovina. Wrold Student Christian Federation Europe. At: http://wscf-europe.org/news/history-of-the-interreligious-council-of-bosnia-and-herzegovina/.
All Time | Past 365 days | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 1964 | 165 | 13 |
Full Text Views | 230 | 17 | 0 |
PDF Views & Downloads | 405 | 50 | 1 |
This article uses a comparative approach to analyze the strengths and limitations of the inclusion of religious actors in peace and transition processes. It compares the theoretical frameworks of Bercovitch and Kadayifci-Orellana, and Brewer, demonstrating how the first helps us understand the strengths of religious actors, while the second sheds more light on their limitations. An analysis of the involvement of religious actors in the peace processes in Northern Ireland and Bosnia and Herzegovina supports the argument that religious actors are more likely to contribute to peace when they are excluded from Track One negotiations and are active in other modalities of participation: in wider social peace processes at national or grass-roots levels. Religious actors can contribute to peace processes especially if they choose to exclude themselves from Track One negotiations in order to avoid the pitfalls of becoming too closely associated with political power.
All Time | Past 365 days | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 1964 | 165 | 13 |
Full Text Views | 230 | 17 | 0 |
PDF Views & Downloads | 405 | 50 | 1 |