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Phylogeny and reclassification of Pristocera Klug (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae)
in Insect Systematics & EvolutionThe current classification of Pristocera does not have taxonomic or cladistic support, which results in mistakes during the allocation of its species, especially within the genera Dicrogenium, Kathepyris, Neodicrogenium and Diepyris. This study aimed to verify the monophyly and to present a cladistic hypothesis for the genus. The analyses were based on 147 characters of 50 terminal taxa. Parsimony analyses under both equal and implied weightings were performed. All cladograms obtained by the implied weighting recovered Pristocera and all four related genera as polyphyletic. A monophyletic group with Pristocera and the other genera of the inner group was formed. This group was supported by 13 synapomorphies, with one of them exclusive, as follows: the presence of a hypopygium that was divided into two parts. Based on our results, the following new genus-group synonyms were established: Dicrogenium, Kathepyris, Neodicrogenium and Diepyris syn.n. for Pristocera, and their 39 species were combined with the latter. The following new names are proposed to avoid homonyms: Pristocera zata nom.n. for Dicrogenium bequaerti Benoit, Pristocera zela nom.n. for Kathepyris katangensis Benoit, Pristocera zintica nom.n. for Kathepyris uelensis Benoit, Pristocera zonta nom.n. for Neodicrogenium bequaerti Benoit and Pristocera zuncra nom.n. for Neodicrogenium tuberculatum (Turner). Therefore, Pristocera now comprises 124 species from the Old World.
Insect Systematics & Evolution
An International Journal of Systematic Entomology
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References
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Figures
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(1, 2) Terms of the aedeagus. (1) Acrepyris sp. ♂. (2) Kathepyris sp. 6 ♂. a. apical lobe; b. ventral valve; c. median valve; d. dorsal valve. Scale = 200 μm. (3) Terms of the paramere. Kathepyris sp. 6 ♂. a. apical margin; b. ventral corner; c. dorsal corner; d. finger-like appendix. Scale = 300 μm. (4) Terms adopted for the hypopygium. Pristocera axitiosa ♂. a. basal region; b. apical region; c. basal margin; d. outer margin; e. inner margin. Scale = 300 μm. This figure is published in colour in the online edition of this journal, which can be accessed via http://booksandjournals.brillonline.com/content/1876312x.
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Characters of head. Head in dorsal view. (5) Kathepyris nyassica; (6) Neodicrogenium tuberculatum; (7) Dicrogenium spiniceps; (8) Pristocera depressa; (9) Diepyris brunneus; (10) Prosapesenia bilobata; (11) Goniozus sp.; (12) Pristocera depressa. Scale = 300 μm. This figure is published in colour in the online edition of this journal, which can be accessed via http://booksandjournals.brillonline.com/content/1876312x.
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Characters of head and mesosoma. (13–15) Head in lateral view. (13) Diepyris brunneus; (14) Pristocera porieri; (15) Dicrogenium spiniceps; (16–17) Pronotum in lateral view; (16) Pristocera formosana; (17) Foenobethylus gracilis; (18–20) Mesosoma in dorsal view; (18) Pristocera depressa; (19) Caloapenesia sp.; (20) Pristocera obliterata. Scale = 300 μm. This figure is published in colour in the online edition of this journal, which can be accessed via http://booksandjournals.brillonline.com/content/1876312x.
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Characters of mesosoma. (21–23) Mesosoma in dorsal view. (21) Lytopsenella testaceicornis; (22) Foenobethylus gracilis; (23) Kathepyris sp. 1; (24–28) Mesosoma in ventral view. (24) Neodicrogenium tuberculatum; (25) Kathepyris sp. 1; (26) Pristocera poirieri; (27) Caloapenesia sp.; (28) Dissomphalus amplifoveatus. Scale = 300 μm. This figure is published in colour in the online edition of this journal, which can be accessed via http://booksandjournals.brillonline.com/content/1876312x.
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Characters of mesopleuron and forewing. (29–30) Mesopleuron. (29) Foenobethylus gracilis; (30) Kathepyris sp. 1; (31–32) Forewing. (31) Diepyris congoensis; (32) Caloapenesia sp. (spectral vein digitally marked). Scale = 300 μm.
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Characters of hypopygium in ventral view. (33) Pristocera axitiosa; (34) Prosapenesia lacteipennis; (35) Apenesia acuta; (36) Apenesia tagala (as in Apenesia minor); (37) Acrepyris armiferus; (38) Apenesia elongata; (39) Diepyris lembanus; (40) Pristocera silvatica. Scale = 300 μm. This figure is published in colour in the online edition of this journal, which can be accessed via http://booksandjournals.brillonline.com/content/1876312x.
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Characters of genitalia in ventral view. (41) Kathepyris uelensis; (42) Dicrogenium auratum; (43) Diepyris congoensis; (44) Kathepyris nyassica; (45) Neodicrogenium sampwense; (46) Diepyris lembanus; (47) Kathepyris katangensis; (48) Prosapenesia bilobata. Scale = 300 μm. This figure is published in colour in the online edition of this journal, which can be accessed via http://booksandjournals.brillonline.com/content/1876312x.
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Strict consensus of four equally parsimonious cladograms obtained by equal weighting analysis.
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Strict consensus of K = 1 and 2 obtained by implied weighting analysis.
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(A) Strict consensus cladogram of K = 1 and 2, illustrating one of the hypotheses for the distribution of characters. (B) Strict consensus cladogram of K = 1 and 2, illustrating one of the hypotheses for the distribution of characters. (C) Strict consensus cladogram of K = 1 and 2, illustrating one of the hypotheses for the distribution of characters.
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Strict consensus of K = 3 and 6 obtained by implied weighting analysis.
(1, 2) Terms of the aedeagus. (1) Acrepyris sp. ♂. (2) Kathepyris sp. 6 ♂. a. apical lobe; b. ventral valve; c. median valve; d. dorsal valve. Scale = 200 μm. (3) Terms of the paramere. Kathepyris sp. 6 ♂. a. apical margin; b. ventral corner; c. dorsal corner; d. finger-like appendix. Scale = 300 μm. (4) Terms adopted for the hypopygium. Pristocera axitiosa ♂. a. basal region; b. apical region; c. basal margin; d. outer margin; e. inner margin. Scale = 300 μm. This figure is published in colour in the online edition of this journal, which can be accessed via http://booksandjournals.brillonline.com/content/1876312x.
Characters of head. Head in dorsal view. (5) Kathepyris nyassica; (6) Neodicrogenium tuberculatum; (7) Dicrogenium spiniceps; (8) Pristocera depressa; (9) Diepyris brunneus; (10) Prosapesenia bilobata; (11) Goniozus sp.; (12) Pristocera depressa. Scale = 300 μm. This figure is published in colour in the online edition of this journal, which can be accessed via http://booksandjournals.brillonline.com/content/1876312x.
Characters of head and mesosoma. (13–15) Head in lateral view. (13) Diepyris brunneus; (14) Pristocera porieri; (15) Dicrogenium spiniceps; (16–17) Pronotum in lateral view; (16) Pristocera formosana; (17) Foenobethylus gracilis; (18–20) Mesosoma in dorsal view; (18) Pristocera depressa; (19) Caloapenesia sp.; (20) Pristocera obliterata. Scale = 300 μm. This figure is published in colour in the online edition of this journal, which can be accessed via http://booksandjournals.brillonline.com/content/1876312x.
Characters of mesosoma. (21–23) Mesosoma in dorsal view. (21) Lytopsenella testaceicornis; (22) Foenobethylus gracilis; (23) Kathepyris sp. 1; (24–28) Mesosoma in ventral view. (24) Neodicrogenium tuberculatum; (25) Kathepyris sp. 1; (26) Pristocera poirieri; (27) Caloapenesia sp.; (28) Dissomphalus amplifoveatus. Scale = 300 μm. This figure is published in colour in the online edition of this journal, which can be accessed via http://booksandjournals.brillonline.com/content/1876312x.
Characters of mesopleuron and forewing. (29–30) Mesopleuron. (29) Foenobethylus gracilis; (30) Kathepyris sp. 1; (31–32) Forewing. (31) Diepyris congoensis; (32) Caloapenesia sp. (spectral vein digitally marked). Scale = 300 μm.
Characters of hypopygium in ventral view. (33) Pristocera axitiosa; (34) Prosapenesia lacteipennis; (35) Apenesia acuta; (36) Apenesia tagala (as in Apenesia minor); (37) Acrepyris armiferus; (38) Apenesia elongata; (39) Diepyris lembanus; (40) Pristocera silvatica. Scale = 300 μm. This figure is published in colour in the online edition of this journal, which can be accessed via http://booksandjournals.brillonline.com/content/1876312x.
Characters of genitalia in ventral view. (41) Kathepyris uelensis; (42) Dicrogenium auratum; (43) Diepyris congoensis; (44) Kathepyris nyassica; (45) Neodicrogenium sampwense; (46) Diepyris lembanus; (47) Kathepyris katangensis; (48) Prosapenesia bilobata. Scale = 300 μm. This figure is published in colour in the online edition of this journal, which can be accessed via http://booksandjournals.brillonline.com/content/1876312x.
Strict consensus of four equally parsimonious cladograms obtained by equal weighting analysis.
(A) Strict consensus cladogram of K = 1 and 2, illustrating one of the hypotheses for the distribution of characters. (B) Strict consensus cladogram of K = 1 and 2, illustrating one of the hypotheses for the distribution of characters. (C) Strict consensus cladogram of K = 1 and 2, illustrating one of the hypotheses for the distribution of characters.
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