Abdelfattah Kilito, Thou Shalt Not Speak My Language (Syracuse: Syracuse University, 2008), e.g., p. 9; originally published in Arabic, Lan tatakallam lughatī (Beirut: Dār al-Ṭalīʿah, 2002).

Abdelfattah Kilito, Thou Shalt Not Speak My Language (Syracuse: Syracuse University, 2008), e.g., p. 9; originally published in Arabic, Lan tatakallam lughatī (Beirut: Dār al-Ṭalīʿah, 2002).)| false
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Walter Benjamin, “The Author as Producer,” in Reflections: Essays, Aphorisms and Autobiographical Writing (New York: Schocken, 1986), 222.

Walter Benjamin, “The Author as Producer,” in Reflections: Essays, Aphorisms and Autobiographical Writing (New York: Schocken, 1986), 222.)| false
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Roman Jakobson, “Two Aspects of Language and Two Types of Aphasic Disturbances,” in On Language (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1995), 117.

Roman Jakobson, “Two Aspects of Language and Two Types of Aphasic Disturbances,” in On Language (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1995), 117.)| false
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Carolyn Gates, The Merchant Republic: Rise of an Open Economy (London: I.B. Taurus, 1998), 13.

Carolyn Gates, The Merchant Republic: Rise of an Open Economy (London: I.B. Taurus, 1998), 13.)| false
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Makdisi, Culture of Sectarianism, 29.

Makdisi, Culture of Sectarianism, 29.)| false
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Jacques Derrida, “Force and Signification,” in Writing and Difference (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980), 26.

Jacques Derrida, “Force and Signification,” in Writing and Difference (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980), 26.)| false
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Michael Reimer, “Contradiction and Consciousness in ʿAli Mubarak’s Description of al-Azhar,” in International Journal of Middle East Studies 29:1 (Feb) 1997: 53-69.

Michael Reimer, “Contradiction and Consciousness in ʿAli Mubarak’s Description of al-Azhar,” in International Journal of Middle East Studies 29:1 (Feb) 1997: 53-69.)| false
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Louis Althusser, “Ideology and the Ideological State Apparatus,” in Lenin and Philosophy, and Other Essays (New York: Monthly Review, 1972), 162.

Louis Althusser, “Ideology and the Ideological State Apparatus,” in Lenin and Philosophy, and Other Essays (New York: Monthly Review, 1972), 162.)| false
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Gramsci, Prison Notebook Vol. III, 45.

Gramsci, Prison Notebook Vol. III, 45.)| false
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Yumna ʿĪd, Taqnīyāt al-sard fī ḍawʾ al-manhaj al-buniyawī (Beirut: Dār al-Farābī, 1990), 185.

Yumna ʿĪd, Taqnīyāt al-sard fī ḍawʾ al-manhaj al-buniyawī (Beirut: Dār al-Farābī, 1990), 185.)| false
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Rastegar, Literary Modernity between the Middle East and Europe, 105.

Rastegar, Literary Modernity between the Middle East and Europe, 105.)| false
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Holt, “Narrative and Reading Public in 1870s Beirut,” 68-69.

Holt, “Narrative and Reading Public in 1870s Beirut,” 68-69.)| false
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Among other work in the 1990s, Fawaz Trabulsi and ʿAziz ʿAzmah published a collection of al-Shidyāq’s essays and selections, see Aḥmad Fāris al-Shidyāq: Silsilat al-aʿmāl al-majhūlah (London: Riyad El-Rayyes, 1995). For some noteworthy discussions of al-Shidyāq within the larger context of Arabic literature, see Rashid El-Enany, Arab Representations of the Occident (London: Routledge, 2006); Kamran Rastegar, Literary Modernity between the Middle East and Europe, op.cit.; Kilito, Lan tatakallam lughatī, op. cit.; Rebecca Carol Johnson, Richard Maxwell, and Katie Trumpener, “The Arabian Nights, Arab-European Literary Influence, and the Lineages of the Novel,” in Modern Language Quarterly vol. 68, no. 2 ( June) 2007; and Nadia al-Bagdadi, “The Cultural Function of Fiction: From the Bible to Libertine Literature: Historical Criticism and Social Critique of Ahmad Faris al-Shidyaq,” in Arabica, 46:3 (1993): 375-401.

Rashid Khalidi et al., eds., The Origins of Arab Nationalism, (New York: Columbia University Press, 1991); Israel Gershoni and James Jankowski, eds., Rethinking Nationalism in the Arab Middle East (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997); Hasan Kayali, Arabs and Young Turks: Ottomanism, Arabism, and Islamism in the Ottoman Empire, 1908-1918 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997); A.A. Duri, The Historical Formation of the Arab Nation: A Study in Identity and Consciousness, translated by Lawrence I. Conrad (London: Croom Helm, 1987); Ernest Dawn, From Ottomanism to Arabism (Urbana, Ill: University of Illinois Press, 1973); Philip Khoury, Syria and the French Mandate (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1987); and Fatma Müge Göçek, ed. Social Construction of Nationalism in the Middle East (Albany: SUNY Press, 2002).

Rashid Khalidi et al., eds., The Origins of Arab Nationalism, (New York: Columbia University Press, 1991); Israel Gershoni and James Jankowski, eds., Rethinking Nationalism in the Arab Middle East (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997); Hasan Kayali, Arabs and Young Turks: Ottomanism, Arabism, and Islamism in the Ottoman Empire, 1908-1918 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997); A.A. Duri, The Historical Formation of the Arab Nation: A Study in Identity and Consciousness, translated by Lawrence I. Conrad (London: Croom Helm, 1987); Ernest Dawn, From Ottomanism to Arabism (Urbana, Ill: University of Illinois Press, 1973); Philip Khoury, Syria and the French Mandate (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1987); and Fatma Müge Göçek, ed. Social Construction of Nationalism in the Middle East (Albany: SUNY Press, 2002).)| false
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Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origins and Spread of Nationalism (London: Verso, 1991) and Edward Said, Orientalism (New York: Pantheon 1978), particularly his discussion of “imaginative geographies” in Chapter Two.

Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origins and Spread of Nationalism (London: Verso, 1991) and Edward Said, Orientalism (New York: Pantheon 1978), particularly his discussion of “imaginative geographies” in Chapter Two.)| false
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Timothy Mitchell, Rule of Experts: Egypt, Techno-Politics, Modernity (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002).

Timothy Mitchell, Rule of Experts: Egypt, Techno-Politics, Modernity (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002).)| false
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Peter Gran, “Political Economy as a Paradigm for the Study of Islamic History,” International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 11: No. 4 (1980), 516.

Peter Gran, “Political Economy as a Paradigm for the Study of Islamic History,” International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 11: No. 4 (1980), 516.)| false
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De Man, Resistance to Theory, 10-11.

De Man, Resistance to Theory, 10-11.)| false
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Mohammed Sawaie, “Rifaʾa Rafiʾ al-Ṭahtawi and His Contribution to the Lexical Development of Modern Literary Arabic,” in International Journal of Middle East Studies 32: 3 (Aug 2000): 395-410; and Adrian Gully, “Arabic Linguistic Issues and Controversies of the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries,” in Journal of Semitic Studies XLII: 1 (Spring 1997): 75-120; Yasir Suleiman, Arabic Language and National Identity (Washington DC: Georgetown University Press, 2003).

Mohammed Sawaie, “Rifaʾa Rafiʾ al-Ṭahtawi and His Contribution to the Lexical Development of Modern Literary Arabic,” in International Journal of Middle East Studies 32: 3 (Aug 2000): 395-410; and Adrian Gully, “Arabic Linguistic Issues and Controversies of the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries,” in Journal of Semitic Studies XLII: 1 (Spring 1997): 75-120; Yasir Suleiman, Arabic Language and National Identity (Washington DC: Georgetown University Press, 2003).)| false
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James Monroe, The Art of Badiʿ al-Zaman al-Hamadhani as Picturesque Narrative (Beirut: American University of Beirut, 1983).

James Monroe, The Art of Badiʿ al-Zaman al-Hamadhani as Picturesque Narrative (Beirut: American University of Beirut, 1983).)| false
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Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari, The Anti-Oedipus: Introduction to Schizo-Analysis (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1987), 232.

Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari, The Anti-Oedipus: Introduction to Schizo-Analysis (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1987), 232.)| false
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al-Yāzijī, Lughat al-jarāʾid, 147.

al-Yāzijī, Lughat al-jarāʾid, 147.)| false
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