Most Akkadian epics are organized according to the same structure: the narrative arc is divided into two acts, of which the second mirrors and expands the first. The structure has already been observed in Atra-hasis, Enuma Elish, Gilgamesh, and Etana, but the recurrence of the pattern has not previously been noted. The essay explores the widespread application, individual adaptations, and literary significance of this device, noting its presence in nine cuneiform compositions.
Purchase
Buy instant access (PDF download and unlimited online access):
Institutional Login
Log in with Open Athens, Shibboleth, or your institutional credentials
Personal login
Log in with your brill.com account
Al-Rawi, Farouk N.H., and Jeremy A. Black. 1989. “The Second Tablet of ‘Išum and Erra.’ ” Iraq 51: 111–122.
Annus, Amar. 2001. The Standard Babylonian Epic of Anzu. SAACT 3. Helsinki: Helsinki University Press.
Borger, Rykle. 1979. Babylonisch-Assyrische Lesestücke. 2nd edition. 2 volumes. AnOr 54. Rome: PBI.
Bottéro, Jean. 1977. “Les noms de Marduk, l’écriture er la ‘logique’ en Mésopotamie ancienne.” In Ancient Near Eastern Studies in Memory of Jacob Joel Finkelstein, ed. Maria de Jong Ellis, 5–27. MCAAS 19. Hamden: Archon Books.
Bottéro, Jean. 1987. Mésopotamie: L’écriture, la raison et les dieux. Paris: Éditions Gallimard.
Cagni, Luigi. 1969. L’epopea di Erra. StSem 34. Rome: Istituto di Studi del Vicino Oriente.
Cooper, Jerrold S. 1975. “Structure, Humor, and Satire in the Poor Man of Nippur.” JCS 27: 163–174.
Culler, Jonathan. 2001. The Pursuits of Signs: Semiotics, Literature, Deconstruction. Augmented edition. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Davila, James R. 1995. “The Flood Hero as King and Priest.” JNES 54: 199–214.
Dickson, Keith. 2007. “The Jeweled Trees: Alterity in Gilgamesh.” Comp. Lit. 59: 193–208.
Dietrich, Jan. 2014. “Von der Freundschaft im alten Testament und alten Orient.” WdO 44: 37–56.
Durand, Jean-Marie. 1994. “100. Enûma Eliš I 76.” NABU 1994: 91.
Ehelolf, Hans. 1968 [1916]. Ein Wortfolgeprinzip im Assyrisch-Babylonischen. Reprint. LSS 6. Leipzig: Zentralantiquariat der DDR.
Feldt, Laura, and Susanne Ulla Koch. 2011. “A Life’s Journey – Reflections on Death in the Gilgamesh Epic.” In Akkade Is King: A Collection of Papers by Friends and Colleagues Presented to Aage Westenholz on the Occasion of His 70th Birthday, 15th of May 2009, ed. Goiko Barjamovic et al., 111–126. PIHANS 118. Leiden: NINO.
Foster, Benjamin R. 2005. Before the Muses: An Anthology of Akkadian Literature. 3rd edition. Bethesda: CDL.
Foster, Benjamin R. 2007. Akkadian Literature of the Late Period. GMTR 2. Münster: Ugarit-Verlag.
Foster, Benjamin R. 2016. The Age of Agade: Inventing Empire in Ancient Mesopotamia. London: Routledge.
Furlani, Giuseppe. 1946. “L’Epopea di Gilgames come Inno all’Amicizia.” Belfagor 1: 577–589.
Gabriel, Gösta. 2014. Enūma eliš – Weg zu einer globalen Weltordnung: Pragmatik, Struktur und Semantik des babylonischen “Lieds auf Marduk.” ORA 12. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck.
George, Andrew R. 2003. The Babylonian Gilgamesh Epic: Introduction, Critical Edition, and Cuneiform Texts. 2 volumes. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
George, Andrew R. 2007. “The Gilgameš Epic at Ugarit.” AuOr 25: 237–254.
George, Andrew R. 2013. “The Poem of Erra and Ishum: A Babylonian Poet’s View of War.” In Warfare and Poetry in the Middle East, ed. Hugh Kennedy, 39–71. London: I.B. Tauris.
George, Andrew R., and Farouk N.H. Al-Rawi. 2014. “Back to the Cedar Forest: The Beginning and End of Tablet V of the Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgameš.” JCS 66: 69–90.
Gurney, Oliver R. 1956. “The Sultantepe Tablets. V. The Tale of the Poor Man of Nippur.” AS 6: 145–164.
Haul, Michael. 2000. Das Etana-Epos: Ein Mythos von der Himmelfahrt des Königs von Kiš. GAAL 1. Göttingen: Seminar für Keilschriftforschung.
Helle, Sophus. 2015. “95. Contrast through ironic self-citation in Atra-ḫasīs.” NABU 2015: 158–160.
Helle, Sophus. 2016. “Emotions in Gilgamesh: Desire, Grief, and Identity in the Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh.” Unpublished MA-thesis, Copenhagen: University of Copenhagen.
Izreʾel, Shlomo. 2001. Adapa and the South Wind: Language Has the Power of Life and Death. MC 10. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns.
Katz, Dina. 2011. “Reconstructing Babylon: Recycling Mythological Traditions Toward a New Theology.” In Babylon: Wissenskultur in Orient Und Okzident, ed. Eva Cancik-Kirschbaum, Margarete van Ess, and Joachim Marzahn, 123–134. Topoi 1. Berlin: De Gruyter.
Kilmer, Ann D. 2006. “Visualizing Text: Schematic Patterns in Akkadian Poetry.” In If a Man Builds a Joyful House: Assyriological Studies in Honor of Erle Verdun Leichty, ed. Ann K. Guinan et al., 209–221. CM 31. Leiden: Brill.
Kinnier Wilson, James V. 1985. The Legend of Etana: A New Edition. Warminster: Aris and Philips.
Kirk, Geoffrey S. 1970. Myth: Its Meaning and Functions in Ancient and Other Cultures. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kramer, Samuel Noah. 1980. “Sumerian Literature and the British Museum: The Promise of the Future.” PAPS 124: 295–312.
Kvanvig, Helge S. 2011. Primeval History: Babylonian, Biblical, and Enochic: An Intertextual Reading. JSJSup 149. Leiden: Brill.
Lambert, Wilfred G. 1980. “The Theology of Death.” In Death in Mesopotamia, ed. Bendt Alster, 53–66. CRRAI 26. Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag.
Lambert, Wilfred G. 2013. Babylonian Creation Myths. MC 16. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns.
Lambert, Wilfred G., and Alan R. Millard. 1969. Atra-ḫasīs: The Babylonian Story of the Flood. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns.
Machinist, Peter. 1983. “Rest and Violence in the Poem of Erra.” JAOS 103: 221–226.
Machinist, Peter. 2005. “Order and Disorder: Some Mesopotamian Reflections.” In Genesis and Regeneration: Essays on Conceptions of Origins, ed. Shaul Shaked, 31–61. Jerusalem: Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities.
Michalowski, Piotr. 1980. “Adapa and the Ritual Process.” RO 41: 77–82.
Michalowski, Piotr. 1999. “Commemoration, Writing, and Genre in Ancient Mesopotamia.” In The Limits of Historiography: Genre and Narrative in Ancient Historical Texts, ed. Christina S. Kraus, 69–90. Leiden: Brill.
Moran, William. 1987. “Some Considerations of Form and Interpretation in Atrahasis.” . In Language, Literature and History: Philological and Historical Studies Presented to Erica Reiner, ed. Francesca Rochberg-Halton, 245–255. AOS 67. New Haven: AOS.
Müller, Hans-Peter. 1985. “Das Motiv für die Sintflut: Die hermeneutische Funktion des Mythos und seiner Analyse.” ZAW 97: 295–316.
Novotny, Jamie. 2001. The Standard Babylonian Etana Epic. SAACT 2. Helsinki: Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project.
Oppenheim, A. Leo. 1977. Ancient Mesopotamia: Portrait of a Dead Civilization, ed. Erica Reiner. Revised edition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Pettinato, Giovanni. 2000. Nergal ed Ereskigal, il poema assiro-babilonese degli inferi. Rome: Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei.
Ponchia, Simonetta, and Mikko Luukko. 2013. The Standard Babylonian Myth of Nergal and Ereškigal. SAACT 8. Helsinki: Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project.
Reiner, Erica. 1985. Your Thwarts in Pieces, Your Mooring Ropes Cut: Poetry from Babylonia and Assyria. Ann Arbor: Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studies at the University of Michigan.
Seri, Andrea. 2014. “Borrowings to Create Anew: Intertextuality in the Babylonian Poem of ‘Creation’ (Enūma eliš).” JAOS 134: 89–106.
Shehata, Dahlia. 2001. Annotierte Bibliographie zum altbabylonischen Atramḫasīs- Mythos: inūma ilū awīlum. GAAL 3. Göttingen: Seminar für Keilschriftforschung.
Sladek, William R. 1974. “Inanna’s Descent to the Netherworld.” PhD diss., John Hopkins University.
Soden, Wolfram von. 1994. “Der altbabylonische Atramchasis-Mythos.” In Mythen und Epen II/4, ed. Karl Hecker et al., 612–645. TUAT 3. Gütersloh: Gütersloher Verlaghaus.
Vanstiphout, Herman L.J. 1990. “The Craftmanship of Sîn-leqi-unninnī.” OLP 21: 45–79.
Vanstiphout, Herman L.J. 1992. “Enuma Elish as a Systematic Creed: An Essay.” OLP 23: 37–61.
Veldhuis, Niek. 1999. “The Poetry of Magic.” In Mesopotamian Magic: Textual, Historical and Interpretative Perspectives, ed. Tzvi Abusch and Karel van der Toorn, 35–48. AMD 1. Groningen: Styx.
Verderame, Lorenzo. 2016. Letterature dell’antica Mesopotamia. Milan: Mondadori.
Vogelzang, Marianne. 1988. “Bin Šar Dadmē: Edition and Analysis of the Akkadian Anzu Poem.” PhD diss., Rikjsuniversiteit Groningen.
Walls, Neal H. 2001. Desire, Discord, and Death: Approaches to Ancient Near Eastern Myth. ASOR Books 8. Boston: ASOR.
Westenholz, Joan Goodnick. 1997. Legends of the Kings of Akkade. MC 7. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns.
Wilcke, Claus. 1999. “Weltundtergang als Anfang.” In Weltende: Beiträge zur Kultur- und Religionswissenschaft, ed. Adam Jones, 63–112. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
Winitzer, Abraham. 2019. “History as Scholarship in the Early Babylonian Divination Literature (Part I).” KASKAL 16: 259–277.
Wisnom, Selena. 2019. Weapons of Words: Intertextual Competition in Babylonian Poetry. CHANE 106. Leiden: Brill.
Wolff, Hope Nash. 1969. “Gilgamesh, Enkidu, and the Heroic Life.” JAOS 89: 392–398.
Wolff, Hope Nash. 1973. “Review of Lambert, W.G. and Millard, A.R., Atra-ḫasīs: The Babylonian Story of the Flood.” JAOS 93: 75–76.
Zgoll, Annette. “monumentum aere perennius – Maerring und Ringkomposition im Gilgameš-Epos.” In Von Göttern und Menschen: Beiträge zu Literatur und Geschichte des Alten Orients: Festschrift für Brigitte Groneberg, ed. Dahlia Shehata, Frauke Weiershäuser, and Kamran V. Zand, 443–470. CM 41. Leiden: Brill.
All Time | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 275 | 110 | 14 |
Full Text Views | 174 | 46 | 0 |
PDF Views & Downloads | 377 | 132 | 0 |
Most Akkadian epics are organized according to the same structure: the narrative arc is divided into two acts, of which the second mirrors and expands the first. The structure has already been observed in Atra-hasis, Enuma Elish, Gilgamesh, and Etana, but the recurrence of the pattern has not previously been noted. The essay explores the widespread application, individual adaptations, and literary significance of this device, noting its presence in nine cuneiform compositions.
All Time | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 275 | 110 | 14 |
Full Text Views | 174 | 46 | 0 |
PDF Views & Downloads | 377 | 132 | 0 |