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Abstract
This article explores recent public debates in Australia about Chinese living overseas and the recent actions by members of the Chinese community in seeking official apologies for historic and current injustices. It explores the ways in which these calls to rectify both current and past injustices draw Chinese overseas into current PRC agendas by embedding their experiences into narratives of China’s humiliation and victimhood — key tenets of the China Dream to rejuvenate the nation in the twenty-first century. This article argues that by drawing Chinese Overseas into biologized notions of ethnicity and into an ethno-nationalist identity of victimhood, the PRC may cause harm to Chinese living in multicultural Australia.
摘要
本文考查近年来在澳华人及社群对澳洲华人在历史上和当下所遭受的不公平待遇而寻求官方道歉活动在澳大利亚所引起的公众讨论。文章检视的是，这些要求更正历史和现状不公的呼声如何将澳大利亚华人的经历纳入到中国关于屈辱和受害的历史叙事中，从而把他们卷进当今中国的一系列议程。这些有关中国屈辱和受害的历史叙述是 21 世纪力求振邦兴国的“中国梦”的题中之义。本文认为，中国这种将海外华人纳入生理化的“族裔”概念和纳入一种“种族民族主义”式的受害者身份的做法，可能会对生活在多元文化环境中的澳大利亚华人造成危害。
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Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 2017. “Power and Influence: How China’s Communist Party is infiltrating Australia.” Four Corners. 5 June. 45 mins.
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Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 2018. “Beijing Works to Rally ‘Sons and Daughters’ Abroad to Help Create ‘Chinese Dream’.” 4 March 2018. Accessed 16 March 2018. http://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-0304/beijing-official-urges-outreach-to-non-mainland-chinese/9506388.
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B. and T. 2016. “Channel Seven Apologizes for Chinese Flag Mistake.” 10 August. Accessed 25 July 2017. http://www.bandt.com.au/media/channel-seven-and-olympic-committee.
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Basu, Moni. 2012. “In Rare Apology, House Regrets Exclusionary Laws Targeting Chinese.” CNN-In America. Accessed 10 May 2018. http://inamerica.blogs.cnn.com/2012/06/19/in-rare-apology-house-regrets-exclusionary-laws-targeting-chinese/.
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Beaglehole, Ann. 2009. “Looking Back and Glancing Sideways: Refugee Policy and Multicultural Nation-building in New Zealand.” In Does History Matter? Making and Debating Citizenship, Immigration and Refugee Policy in Australia and New Zealand, eds., Klaus Neumann and Gwenda Tavan, pp. 105–24. Canberra: ANU EPress.
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Blatz, Craig, Karina Schumann and Michael Ross. 2009. “Government Apologies for Historical Injustices.” Political Psychology 30(2): 219–241.
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Brophy, David. 2018. “Racism and the China Debate.” Overland. 24 May. Accessed 1 June 2018. https://overland.org.au/2018/05/racism-and-the-china-debate-a-response-to -chris-zappone/.
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Cheng Yinghong. 2017. “‘Is Peking Man Still Our Ancestor?’ — Genetics, Anthropology and the Politics of Racial Nationalism in China.” Journal of Asian Studies 76(3): 575–602.
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Cottle, Drew. n.d. “Unbroken Commitment: Fred Wong, China, Australia and a World Win.” Australian Society for the Study of Labour History. Accessed 10 May 2018. http://www.labourhistory.org.au/hummer/vol-3-no-4/unbroken-commitment/.
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Duggan, Evan. 2017. “Vancouver Readies Official Apology for Past Discrimination against Chinese Residents.” Xinhua: People’s Daily Online. Accessed 16 November 2017. http://en.people.cn/n3/2017/1114/c90000-9292556.html#.WgrH41EVarw.twitter.
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Dyatt, Greg. 2017. “Victoria Apologises to Descendants of Chinese Gold Miners for Discrimination.” SBS. 25 May. Accessed 26 July 2017. http://www.sbs.com.au/news/sbs-world-news/article/2017/05/25/victoria-apologises-descendants-chinese-gold-miners-discrimination.
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Enns, Diane. 2012. The Violence of Victimhood. University Park: Penn State Press.
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Fan, Yuming. 2016a. “Chinese Community Demands Apology from Channel 7 of [sic] Displaying Wrong Chinese National Flag.” 6 August. Accessed 25 July 2017. https://www.change.org/p/channel-7-chinese-community-demands-apology-from-channel-7-of-displaying-wrong-chinese-national-flag.
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Fan, Yuming. 2016b. “Thanks to Everyone Who Has Signed and Shared This Petition.” Petition Update, 8 August. Accessed 25 July 2017. https://www.change.org/p/channel-7-chinese-community-demands-apology-from-channel-7-of-displaying-wrong-chinese-national-flag/u/17511824.
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Fitzgerald, John. 2007. Big White Lie: Chinese Australians in White Australia. Sydney: UNSW Press.
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Fitzgerald, John. 2016. “Academic Freedom and the Contemporary University.” AAH Academy Lecture 2016. Accessed 6 December 2017. https://www.humanities.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/AAH-Academy-Lect-Fitzgerald-2016.pdf.
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Fung, Pamie. 2015. “The Significance of the First Anti-Chinese Legislation in Australia.” Peril: Asian-Australia Arts and Culture. 12 June. Accessed 10 May 2018. http://peril.com.au/topics/politics/anti-chinese-legislation-in-australia/.
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Galtung, Johan. 2001. “The Construction of National Identities for Cosmic Drama: Chosenness-Myths-Trauma (CMT) Syndromes and Cultural Pathologies.” In Handcuffed to History, ed., P. Udayakumar, pp. 61–81. Westport: Praeger.
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Gapps, Stephen. n.d. “Black Armada: Australian Support for Indonesian Independence” Australian National Maritime Museum. Accessed 10 May 2018. http://stories.anmm.gov.au/blackarmada/arthur-gar-lock-chang-an-australian-chinese-link-with-the-indonesian-independence-struggle/.
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Gong, Ted. 2016. “U.S. Senate Apologizes for Chinese Exclusion Act.” Accessed 10 May 2018. http://www.1882foundation.org/uncategorized/u-s-senate-aplogizes-for-chinese-exclusion-act/.
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Green, Andrew with Thomas Oriti. 2017. “Julie Bishop’s Warning to Communist Party Affiliated Chinese Uni Students.” ABC The World Today. Accessed 5 December 2017. http://www.abc.net.au/radio/programs/worldtoday/julie-bishops-warning-to-chinese-students/9054072.
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Haiwai wang 海外网. 2017. “Aozhou daxue laoshi yong Zhongwen jinggao ‘bie zuobi’ Zhongguo liuxuesheng nule” 澳洲大学老师用中文警告’别作弊’中国留学生怒了 (Chinese Students Studying Abroad Angered by Australian University Teacher Using Chinese to Warn against Cheating). 9 August. Accessed 15 November 2017. http://news.haiwainet.cn/n/2017/0809/c3541093-31061390.html.
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Han, Esther. 2011. “Chinese Australians Call for an Apology.” Sydney Morning Herald. 30 June. Accessed 25 July 2017. http://www.smh.com.au/national/chinese-australians-call-for-an-apology-20110629-1gr1t.html.
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Hyland, Tom. 2012. “Chinese History Cash Plan.” The Sydney Morning Herald, 11 March. Accessed 10 May 2018. https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/chinese-history-cash-plan-20120310-1urd5.html.
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Jinri Xini 今日悉尼 Sydney today. 2016. “Aohua shequ yihui 2016 nian jiangyu 11 yue 26 ri zhaokai” 澳华社区议会 2016 年将于 11 月 26 日召开 (Chinese Community Council of Australia will convene on 26 November 2016). Accessed 12 May 2018. https://www.sydneytoday.com/content-1580779.
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Kamenev, Marina. 2011. “Should Australia Say Sorry for its Old Anti-Chinese Laws?” Time. 6 July. Accessed 10 May 2018. http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2081397,00.html.
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Kawai, Yuko. 2005. “Stereotyping Asian Americans: The Dialectic of the Model Minority and the Yellow Peril.” The Howard Journal of Communications 16(2): 109–130.
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Koon, Wee Kek. 2017. “Why Ethnic Chinese in Southeast Asia Don’t Owe Their Loyalty to China.” South China Morning Post. 7 September. Accessed 16 May 2018. http://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/article/2109950/opinion-why-ethnic-chinese-southeast-asia-dont-owe-their.
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Kwai, Isabella. 2018. “200 Years On, Chinese-Australians are Still Proving They Belong.” The New York Times. 7 May. Accessed 16 May 2018. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/07/world/australia/china-australia-history.html.
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Laanela, Mike. 2016. “Chinese Flags and Red Scarves Spark Debate at Vancouver City Hall.” CBC News. 3 October. Accessed 10 May 2018. http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/vancouver-city-hall-chinese-flag-1.3789155.
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Leibold, James. 2008. Reconfiguring Chinese Nationalism: How the Qing Frontier and its Indigenes became Chinese. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
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Leibold, James. 2011. “Filling in the Nation: The Spatial Trajectory of Pre-Historic Archaeology in Twentieth Century China.” In Transforming History: The Making of a Modern Academic Discipline in twentieth-century China, eds., Brian Moloughney and Peter Zarrow, pp. 335–374. Hong Kong: Chinese University Press.
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Li, Feng 李锋. 2017. “Jinian lishi, Aodaliya jujue zhongzu qishi chongyan” 纪念历史， 澳大利亚拒绝种族歧视重演 (Remembering History, Re-enactment of Australia’s Rejection of Racial Discrimination). Renmin ribao 人民日报 4 November, p.11. Accessed 15 November 2017. http://paper.people.com.cn/rmrb/html/2017-11/04/nw.D110000renmrb_20171104_6-11.htm.
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Liu, Hong and Els van Dongen. 2016. “China’s Diaspora Policies and a New Mode of Transnational Governance.” Journal of Contemporary China 25(102): 805–821.
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Liu, Hong. 1998. “Old Linkages, New Networks: The Globalization of Overseas Chinese Voluntary Associations and its Implications.” China Quarterly 155: 588–609.
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Liu, Hong. 2010. “Chinese Overseas and a Rising China: the Limits of a Diplomatic ‘Diaspora Option’.” In China and International Relations: The Chinese View and the Contribution of Wang Gungwu, ed., Zheng Yongnian, pp. 177–199. Abingdon: Routledge.
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Lowe Kelley, Daphne. 2011. “Chinese Australians Owed Apology for Discrimination against Forebears.” The Sydney Morning Herald. 30 June. Accessed 10 May 2018. https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/chinese-australians-owed-apology-for-discrimination-against-forebears-20110629-1gr05.html.
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| All Time | Past 365 days | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
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Search for other papers by Louise Edwards in
Current site
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Abstract
This article explores recent public debates in Australia about Chinese living overseas and the recent actions by members of the Chinese community in seeking official apologies for historic and current injustices. It explores the ways in which these calls to rectify both current and past injustices draw Chinese overseas into current PRC agendas by embedding their experiences into narratives of China’s humiliation and victimhood — key tenets of the China Dream to rejuvenate the nation in the twenty-first century. This article argues that by drawing Chinese Overseas into biologized notions of ethnicity and into an ethno-nationalist identity of victimhood, the PRC may cause harm to Chinese living in multicultural Australia.
摘要
本文考查近年来在澳华人及社群对澳洲华人在历史上和当下所遭受的不公平待遇而寻求官方道歉活动在澳大利亚所引起的公众讨论。文章检视的是，这些要求更正历史和现状不公的呼声如何将澳大利亚华人的经历纳入到中国关于屈辱和受害的历史叙事中，从而把他们卷进当今中国的一系列议程。这些有关中国屈辱和受害的历史叙述是 21 世纪力求振邦兴国的“中国梦”的题中之义。本文认为，中国这种将海外华人纳入生理化的“族裔”概念和纳入一种“种族民族主义”式的受害者身份的做法，可能会对生活在多元文化环境中的澳大利亚华人造成危害。
| All Time | Past 365 days | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1144 | 204 | 25 |
| Full Text Views | 142 | 15 | 4 |
| PDF Views & Downloads | 233 | 36 | 9 |
