Subrahmanyam, Vasco da Gama, 139.

Subrahmanyam, Vasco da Gama, 139.)| false
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Between 1727 and 1730, a few short-term governors were posted in the city. Um, Merchant Houses, 191-92.

For instance, in 1719, the imam temporarily banned Europeans from buying coffee at Bayt al-Faqīh based on a request from an Ottoman envoy. Nancy Um, “1636: From the Edge of the Mediterranean World to the Center of the Global Coffee Market: Yemen after the First Ottoman Era,” in Asia Inside Out: Changing Times, ed. E. Tagliacozzo, H. Siu, P. Perdue (Cambridge, MA, forthcoming). In 1723, the governor of the city of Zabīd levied a fee of 10 kabīrs (a local coin of .7-1.1 grams of silver) per camel load of coffee that passed through his city, which could not be avoided on the route from Bayt al-Faqīh to Mocha.

After leaving Mocha in 1721, Phipps accused the factors Edward Say and Thomas Hartnett of skimming quantities of coffee beans off of the company bales for their own profit, leading to the discharge of both. The case of Mr. Edward Say late Chief of Mocha, received in court May 5, 1722, ior/G/17/1, pt. 2, 309r-309v. Cowan, who arrived in 1724, was later accused of having engaged in private trade before making purchases for the company. A Relation of the Manners of M. Cowan abusing the company in their investment of coffee at Mocha in the Year 1726, ior/G/17/1, pt. 3, 526r-531v.

Brouwer, Al-Mukhā, 270.

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John Baldry, “The English East India Company’s Settlement at al-Mukha, 1719-1739,” The Arab Gulf (University of Basra) 13, no. 2 (1981): 15, 20.

John Baldry, “The English East India Company’s Settlement at al-Mukha, 1719-1739,” The Arab Gulf (University of Basra) 13, no. 2 (1981): 15, 20.)| false
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Chaudhuri, Trading World, 370.

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Ibid., 94-95.

In the 1730s, European merchants increasingly sought the intervention of the qāḍī of Mocha, a relatively neutral figure, in matters pertaining to the trade. After their 1737 attack on the city, the French asked specifically for the qāḍī to handle negotiations with the local government.

Mocha Dag Register, March 21, 1729, voc 9123, 175.

Um, Merchant Houses, 64-68.

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Mocha Dag Register, July 20, 1730, voc 2252, 219-20.

Even in the 1730s, only some of the higher-ranking administrators received their gifts in Spanish reals, such as the governor, his second, the qāḍī, the head scribe of the customs house, and the muqaddam of the coolies. The rest were tendered in local currency calculated in Mocha dollars.

Gift register, dated August 25, 1722, voc 9104, 21.

Bourdieu, The Logic, 111-21; Appadurai, “Introduction,” 6-16.

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For instance, in September 1727, European merchants were asked to fund the new imam al-Manṣūr Ḥusayn’s fight against his rival to the imamate, Muḥammad bin Isḥāq. Their contributions were often accounted for as pre-payment of future duties or loans. Sometimes they were referred to as “gifts” or “presents” in the sources. These contributions may not be folded into the regular customary gift expectations, despite the loose use of similar terms in the sources.

Baldry, “English East India,” 23-24; Letter, ior/G/17/1, pt. 3, 352.

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In 1724, Aḥmad Khazindār was removed from his first Mocha governorship after having presented the imam with insufficient gifts. Um, Merchant Houses, 69.

Letter, dated January 15, 1729, ior/G/17/2, pt. 1, 5r-5v.