Ibid., 9–10.

Ehud R. Toledano, As If Silent and Absent: Bonds of Enslavement in Islamic Middle East (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2007), 24–25.

Ehud R. Toledano, As If Silent and Absent: Bonds of Enslavement in Islamic Middle East (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2007), 24–25.)| false
• Search Google Scholar
• Export Citation

Ibid., 147.

On that, see Matthew S. Hopper, Slaves of One Master: Globalization and Slavery in Arabia in the Age of Empire (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2015).

On that, see Matthew S. Hopper, Slaves of One Master: Globalization and Slavery in Arabia in the Age of Empire (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2015).)| false
• Search Google Scholar
• Export Citation

Ibid., 162–184, 164.

Follett, et al., Slavery’s Ghost, 2.

Follett, et al., Slavery’s Ghost, 2.)| false
• Search Google Scholar
• Export Citation

Günver Güneş, “Kölelikten Özgülüğe: İzmir’de Zenciler ve Zenci Folkloru,” Toplumsal Tarih, 11/62 (Feb, 1999): 4–10 (information in this paragraph is from 4–5, and 9); Esma Durugönül, “The Invisibility of Turks of African Origin and the Construction of Turkish Cultural Identity: The Need for a New Historiography,” Journal of Black Studies 33, no. 3 (Jan. 2003): 289 (based on Güneş, 4).

Günver Güneş, “Kölelikten Özgülüğe: İzmir’de Zenciler ve Zenci Folkloru,” Toplumsal Tarih, 11/62 (Feb, 1999): 4–10 (information in this paragraph is from 4–5, and 9); Esma Durugönül, “The Invisibility of Turks of African Origin and the Construction of Turkish Cultural Identity: The Need for a New Historiography,” Journal of Black Studies 33, no. 3 (Jan. 2003): 289 (based on Güneş, 4).)| false
• Search Google Scholar
• Export Citation

Madeline C. Zilfi, “Servants, Slaves, and the Domestic Order in the Ottoman Middle East,” Hawwa 2, no. 1 (2004): 29. For her evolved view on the economic importance of Ottoman slavery, see her book Women and Slavery in the Late Ottoman Empire: The Design of Difference (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010), 220–224.

Madeline C. Zilfi, “Servants, Slaves, and the Domestic Order in the Ottoman Middle East,” Hawwa 2, no. 1 (2004): 29. For her evolved view on the economic importance of Ottoman slavery, see her book Women and Slavery in the Late Ottoman Empire: The Design of Difference (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010), 220–224.)| false
• Search Google Scholar
• Export Citation

Toledano, As If Silent and Absent, 14–15.

Toledano, As If Silent and Absent, 14–15.)| false
• Search Google Scholar
• Export Citation

Christman, “Analyzing Freedom from the Shadows of Slavery,” 174.

Christman, “Analyzing Freedom from the Shadows of Slavery,” 174.)| false
• Search Google Scholar
• Export Citation

Toledano, “Abolition and Anti-slavery in the Ottoman Empire,” 117–136.

Toledano, “Abolition and Anti-slavery in the Ottoman Empire,” 117–136.)| false
• Search Google Scholar
• Export Citation

Toledano, The Ottoman Slave Trade and Its Suppression, 272–278.

Toledano, The Ottoman Slave Trade and Its Suppression, 272–278.)| false
• Search Google Scholar
• Export Citation

Ismael M. Montana, The Abolition of Slavery in Ottoman Tunisia (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2013).

Ismael M. Montana, The Abolition of Slavery in Ottoman Tunisia (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2013).)| false
• Search Google Scholar
• Export Citation

Toledano, “Abolition and Anti-slavery in the Ottoman Empire,” 141.

Toledano, “Abolition and Anti-slavery in the Ottoman Empire,” 141.)| false
• Search Google Scholar
• Export Citation

Ibid., 151.

Ibid., 146–150.

Ibid., 146–148.

Ibid., 149.

Chouki El-Hamel, Black Morocco: A History of Slavery, Race, and Islam (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013), introduction.

Chouki El-Hamel, Black Morocco: A History of Slavery, Race, and Islam (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013), introduction.)| false
• Search Google Scholar
• Export Citation

Toledano, As If Silent and Absent, 24–34.

Toledano, As If Silent and Absent, 24–34.)| false
• Search Google Scholar
• Export Citation

Renée Soulodre-La France, “Socially Not So Dead! Slave Identities in Bourbon Nueva Granada,” Colonial Latin American Review 10, no. 1 (Jun. 2001): 87.

Renée Soulodre-La France, “Socially Not So Dead! Slave Identities in Bourbon Nueva Granada,” Colonial Latin American Review 10, no. 1 (Jun. 2001): 87.)| false
• Search Google Scholar
• Export Citation

Christman, “Analyzing Freedom from the Shadows of Slavery,” 164; cf., Walter Johnson’s more restricted definition of agency as “the degree to which enslaved people were able to construct their own world, remain independent of another’s control, and exercise a degree of free will and self-ownership.” (In Follett, et al, Slavery’s Ghost, 5.)

Christman, “Analyzing Freedom from the Shadows of Slavery,” 164; cf., Walter Johnson’s more restricted definition of agency as “the degree to which enslaved people were able to construct their own world, remain independent of another’s control, and exercise a degree of free will and self-ownership.” (In Follett, et al, Slavery’s Ghost, 5.))| false
• Search Google Scholar
• Export Citation

Follett, et al., Slavery’s Ghost, 3.

Follett, et al., Slavery’s Ghost, 3.)| false
• Search Google Scholar
• Export Citation

Follett, et al., Slavery’s Ghost, 1.

Follett, et al., Slavery’s Ghost, 1.)| false
• Search Google Scholar
• Export Citation

See, for example, Mustafa Olpak, Kenya-Girit-İstanbul: Köle Kıyısından İnsan Biyografileri (Istanbul: Ozan Yayıncılık, 2005), 7–8; and Troutt Powell’s, Tell This in My Memory, 1–4.

See, for example, Mustafa Olpak, Kenya-Girit-İstanbul: Köle Kıyısından İnsan Biyografileri (Istanbul: Ozan Yayıncılık, 2005), 7–8; and Troutt Powell’s, Tell This in My Memory, 1–4.)| false
• Search Google Scholar
• Export Citation