Jewish languages contain a component derived from Hebrew and Aramaic, the earliest languages Jews used. We offer a historical comparative analysis of the structure and use of adjectives of Hebrew and Aramaic origin in the diverse spoken and written registers of Judezmo (Ladino, Judeo-Spanish) and Yiddish, the two major Jewish languages of the Sephardim and Ashkenazim of Europe. Attention is paid both to adjectives whose forms are entirely of Hebrew or Aramaic origin, as well as those constructed of bases of Hebrew and Aramaic origin, and derivational morphemes of Hispanic and Turkish origin (Judezmo), and Germanic and Slavic origin (Yiddish). The incorporation of the adjectives within the syntactic and semantic systems of Judezmo and Yiddish is examined, and comparisons made between the relative quantity and function of the adjectives in the two languages. It is meant as a model for the comparative study of the linguistic structures of Jewish languages.
Purchase
Buy instant access (PDF download and unlimited online access):
Institutional Login
Log in with Open Athens, Shibboleth, or your institutional credentials
Personal login
Log in with your brill.com account
Abba, Yiṣḥaq. 1891. Sefer leḥem Yĕ’uda. Izmir.
Abud, Nissim Moše. 1898. Sefer ’oṣar ha-ḥokma ... me-‘am lo‘ez qohelet. Constantinople.
Adarbi [or Adrebi], Yiṣḥaq. 1581. Divre rivot. Salonika.
<Administrasyon>. 1955. <Administrasyon komünal de Galata.... Raporto>. Istanbul.
Alkalay, Moše David. 1871. Ḥinnuk lašon ‘ivri. Belgrade.
Alšeḵ, Moše. 1605. Sefer šĕ’elot u-tšuvot. Venice.
Ándjel, Yosef Viḏal, & A. Leví. 1923. Almanak izraelid 5683. Salonika.
Asa, Avraham ben Yiṣḥaq. 1733. Sefer ṣorke ṣibbur. Constantinople.
Asa, Avraham ben Yiṣḥaq. 1749. Sefer šulḥan ha-melek ... šulḥan ‘aruk [’oraḥ ḥayyim] ... en ladino. Constantinople.
Baer, Fritz. 1936. Die Juden im Christlichen Spanien. I: Urkunden und Regesten. II: Kastilien/Inquisitionsakten. Berlin: Akademie Verlag.
Ben Avraham, Rĕ’uven. 1775. Sefer tiqqune ha-nefeš, vol. 2. Salonika.
Ben ‘Ezra, Yosef [d. 1605]. 1989. Šĕ’elot u-tšuvot rabbi Yosef ben ‘Ezra, ed. Y. Š. Spiegel. Jerusalem: Yad Ha-Rav Nissim.
Benveniste, David. 1984. Millim ‘ivriyyot bi-sfaradit-yĕhudit. Jerusalem: Moreshet.
Benveniste, Ḥayyim ben Yisra’el [d. 1673]. 1788. Sefer ba‘e ḥayye mi-š[ĕ’elot] u-”t[šuvot] ḥeleq y[ore]”de[‘a] niqra ‘eṣ ha-da‘at. Salonika.
[Benveniste], Me’ir (trans.). 1568. Sefer šulḥan ha-panim. Salonika. (Adapted from Yosef Karo, Šulḥan ‘aruk, Venice, 1565.)
Benveniste, Rafa’el Yiṣḥaq Me’ir. 1882. Me-‘am lo‘ez ‘al mĕgillat Rut. [Salonika.]
Bĕṣalel, Ḥayyim ben. 1892. Nueva manuel praktik por embezamyento de la lingua alemana. Belgrade.
Birnbaum, Solomon A. 1922. Das hebräische und aramäische Element in der jiddischen Sprache (PhD. diss., Würzberg University 1921). Leipzig.
Bunis, David M. 1992. “The Language of the Sephardic Jews: A Historical Sketch.” In Moreshet Sefarad, vol. 2, ed. Haim Beinart. Jerusalem: Magnes Press, 399–422.
Bunis, David M. 1993. A Lexicon of the Hebrew and Aramaic Elements in Modern Judezmo. Jerusalem: Magnes.
Bunis, David M. 1999. The Judezmo Language: An Introduction to the Language of the Sephardic Jews of the Ottoman Empire. Jerusalem: Magnes (in Hebrew).
Bunis, David M. 2005a. “Writing as a Symbol of Religio-National Identity: On the Historical Development of Judezmo Spelling.” Pe‘amim 101–102, 107–168 (in Hebrew).
Bunis, David M. 2005b. “A Theory of Hebrew-Based Fusion Lexemes in Jewish Languages as Illustrated by Animate Nouns in Judezmo and Yiddish.” Mediterranean Language Review 16, 1–115.
Bunis, David M. 2009. “Judezmo Analytic Verbs with a Hebrew-Origin Participle: Evidence of Ottoman Influence.” In Languages and Literatures of Sephardic and Oriental Jews, ed. David M. Bunis. Jerusalem: Misgav Yerushalayim & The Bialik Institute, *94–*166.
Bunis, David M. 2011. “A Doctrine of Popular Judezmism as Extrapolated from the Judezmo Press, c. 1845–1948.” In Satirical Texts in Judeo-Spanish by and about the Jews of Thessaloniki, eds. Rena Molho, Hilary Pomeroy, & Elena Romero. Thessaloniki: Ets Ahaim Foundation, 244–268.
Bunis, David M. 2013. “‘Whole Hebrew:’ A Revised Definition.” In A Touch of Grace: Presented to Chava Turniansky, eds. Yisrael Bartal, Galit Hasan-Rokem, Ada Rapaport-Albert, Claudia Rosenzweig, Vicki Schifriss, & Erika Timm. Jerusalem: Zalman Shazar Center & Center for Research on Polish Jewry, vol. 2, *37–68.
Bunis, David M. 2020. “The Emergence of Two Ideologically Divergent Modern Jewish Languages: Yiddish and Judezmo.” In Yiddish—110 Years of a Jewish National Language: Proceedings of the Czernowitz International Commemorative Yiddish Language Conference, 2018 (Jews and Slavs 26), ed. Wolf Moskovich, Jerusalem: Hebrew University/Kyiv: National University of “Kyiv-Mohyla Academy”), 53–65.
Crews, Cynthia M. 1962. “The Vulgar Pronunciation of Hebrew in the Judeo-Spanish of Salonica.” The Journal of Jewish Studies 13, 83–95.
de Fes, Avraham. 1778. Koplas kon tikún seudad purim. Constantinople.
de Quevedo y Villegas, Francisco. 1916 (1609). España defendida y los tiempos de ahora, de las calumnias de los noveleros y sediciosos (1609), ed. R. Selden Rose. Madrid: Fortanet.
Estraikh, Gennady. 1999. Soviet Yiddish: Language Planning and Linguistic Development. Oxford: Clarendon.
Fernández y González, F. 1885–1886. “Ordenamiento formado por los procuradores de las aljamas hebreas pertenecientes al territorio de los Estados de Castilla en la asamblea celebrada en Valladolid el año 1432.” Boletín de la Real Academia de la Historia 7 (1885). 145–189, 275–305, 395–413; 8 (1886) 10–27.
Formón, Ṣaddiq ben Yosef (trans.). c1569. Baḥya Ibn Paquda, Sefer ḥovat ha-lĕvavot bĕ-la‘az. Salonika.
Garbell, Irene. 1954. “The Pronunciation of Hebrew in Medieval Spain.” In Homenaje a Millás Vallicrosa, vol. 1. Barcelona: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 647–696.
Gatenyo, Avraham Benveniste (trans.). 1847. P. ’E. Ben Me’ir, Sefer ha-bĕrit ... en avla muy linpya. Salonika.
Göksel, Aslı & Celia Kerslake. 2005. Turkish: A Comprehensive Grammar. London: Routledge.
Ha-Kohen, Šĕlomo [d. 1601]. 1730 (Jerusalem 1970). Sefer ḥeleq rĕvi‘i mi-šĕ’elot u-tšuvot, vol. 4. Salonika.
Ha-Lewy, Avraham ben Mordĕḵai. 1716. Sefer ginnat wĕradim. Constantinople.
Harkavy, Alexander. 1928. Yiddish-English-Hebrew Dictionary. 4th ed. New York: Hebrew Publishing Company.
Ḥešeq Šĕlomo, Sefer. 1588 (1617). Venice.
Hulí, Ya‘aqov. 1864 (1730). Sefer me-‘am lo‘ez … Bĕ-rešit. Izmir (Constantinople).
Hulí, Ya‘aqov. 1884 (1733). Sefer me-‘am lo‘ez … Šĕmot, vol. 1. Jerusalem (Constantinople).
Iggeret ha-purim, Sefer. 1766. Salonika.
Jacobs, Neil G. 2005. Yiddish: A Linguistic Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University.
Kalderón, Ya‘aqov Šalom (tr.) 1860. Šimšon Bloch. Šĕvile ‘olam. Belgrade.
Karo, Yosef [1488-1575]. 1598. Šĕ’elot u-tšuvot Bet Yosef … ’Even ha-‘ezer. Salonika.
Katz, Dovid. 1993. Amended Amendments: Issues in Yiddish Stylistics. Oxford: Oxford Centre for Postgraduate Hebrew Studies (in Yiddish).
Katz, Dovid. 2011. Language: Yiddish. YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe. http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Language/Yiddish (accessed October 17, 2018).
Kayserling, Mayer. 1890. Biblioteca española-portugueza-judaica. Strasbourg: C. J. Trubner.
Kolonomos, Žamila. 1978. Proverbs, Sayings and Tales of the Sephardi Jews of Macedonia. Belgrade: Federation of Jewish Communities in Yugoslavia.
Komplas de las flores. c1815? Salonika.
Lang, Mervyn F. 2006. Spanish Word Formation: Productive Derivational Morphology in the Modern Lexis. London: Routledge.
Lazar, Moshe, ed. 1988. Traducción castellana del Libro de El Kuzari de Yehudah Halevi [c1450]. Madison: Hispanic Seminary of Medieval Studies, University of Wisconsin.
Lazar, Moshe, ed. 1995. Libro de las oracyones. Ferrara Ladino Siddur. Lancaster, CA: Labyrinthos.
Lazar, Moshe, ed. 1998. Sēfer ha-yāšār: First Ladino Translation (Haverford College, Ms. Hebr. 18). Lancaster CA: Labyrinthos.
Levy, Avner. 1980. “Bĕrakot, ’iḥulim wĕ-divre nimmusin ba-ladino šel yĕhude Izmir bi-šnot ha-70.” Sĕfunot, new series, 1 (16), 353–399.
Ma‘ase rav. 1766. Constantinople.
Magriso, Yiṣḥaq. 1753. Sefer me-‘am lo‘ez … Wa-yiqra. Constantinople.
Magriso, Yiṣḥaq. 1884 (1746). Sefer me-‘am lo‘ez … Šĕmot, vol. 2. Jerusalem (Constantinople).
Malkiel, Yakov. 1947. A Latin-Hebrew Blend: Hispanic ‘desmazalado.’ Hispanic Review 15, 272–301.
Mark, Yudl. 1978. A Grammar of Standard Yiddish. New York: CYCO (in Yiddish).
Mitrani, Raḥamim Mĕnaḥem. 1870. Sefer me-‘am lo‘ez ‘al sefer Yĕhošua. Izmir.
Moché, Menahem. 1934. Millon kis sĕfaradi-yĕhudi–‘ivri. Salonika.
Molho, Michael. 1948. “Millim ‘ivriyyot ba-safa ha-sĕfaradit-yĕhudit.” ‘Edot 3. 77–88.
Moyses, Aser R. 1958. [Hebrew in the Speech of the Jews of Greece.] In his Hellēno-Ioudaïkai meletai. Athens. 58–75. [Page numbers refer to the unpublished manuscript translation kindly supplied by Mr. P. J. Ruches, New York.]
Moskona, Isaac. 1971. “About One of the Components of the Language ‘Djudezmo.’” Annual [of the Social, Cultural, and Educational Association of the Jews in the People’s Republic of Bulgaria] (Sofia) 6. 179–220.
Nehama, Joseph. 1977. Dictionnaire du judéo-espagnol. Madrid: C.S.I.C.
Palachi, Avraham. 1862. Sefer wĕ-hokiaḥ Avraham, vol. 2. Salonika.
Palachi, Avraham. 1877 (1853). Sefer wĕ-hokiaḥ Avraham. Izmir.
Palachi, Avraham & Yosef Palachi. 1881. Sefer wa-yosef Avraham. Izmir.
Palachi, Ḥayyim. 1873. Ḥayyim ba-yad. Izmir.
Papo, Eli‘ezer ben Šem Ṭov. 1862. Sefer Dammeseq ’Eli‘ezer … ’oraḥ ḥayyim. Belgrade.
Papo, Yĕuda ben Eli‘ezer, ed. and tr. 1870. Eli‘ezer ben Yiṣḥaq Papo. Pele yo‘eṣ ... trezladado en ladino, [vol. 1.] Vienna.
Papo, Yĕuda ben Eli‘ezer, ed. and tr. 1872. Eli‘ezer ben Yiṣḥaq Papo. Pele yo‘eṣ ... trezladado en ladino, vol. 2. Vienna.
Papo, Eli‘ezer ben Šem Ṭov. 1884. Sefer Dammeseq ’Eli‘ezer. Hélek shení de Yoré Deá. Jerusalem.
Perez, Avner. 2005. Ha-koplas šel Yosef ha-ṣaddiq. Jerusalem: Ben-Zvi Institute.
Pipano, David. 1912. Sefer nose ha-’efod (in his Sefer avne ha-’efod, part two). Sofia.
Qol mĕvasser. 1765. Salonika.
Quintana, Aldina. 2006. Geografía lingüística del judeoespañol. Estudio sincrónico y diacrónico. Bern: Peter Lang.
Schaechter, Mordkhe. 1999. The Standardized Yiddish Orthography, 6th ed. New York: League for Yiddish.
Schlossberg, B. 1930. Der yídisher oysleyg in Rátnfarband. In Der éynheytlekher yídisher oysleyg, collection 1, Vilnius: YIVO.
Schwarzwald, Ora Rodrigue. 1982. Lĕšonot sĕtarim ‘ivriyyot ba-sĕfaradit–ha-yĕhudit. Lĕšonenu la-‘am 33. 258–262.
Segal, M.H. 2001 [1927]. A Grammar of Mishnaic Hebrew. Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock.
Shaki, Ḥayyim Yiṣḥaq. 1907. Trezoro del judaízmo o milé deavod, vol. 1. “Cairo” [=Jerusalem].
Shaul, Moshe. 1979. “Es ke ay menester de una nueva ortografia para el djudeo- espaniol?” Aki Yerushalayim 1: 3–4.
Spitzer, Leo. 1947. “Desmazalado.” Nueva Revista de Filología Hispánica 1, 78–79.
Spivak, Charles D., & Bloomgarden, Sol (Yehoash). 1911, 1926. Yiddish Dictionary Containing all the Hebrew and Chaldaic Elements of the Yiddish Language Illustrated with Proverbs and Idiomatic Expressions. New York: Spivak & Bloomgarden.
Stutchkoff, Nahum. 1950. Der oytser fun der yídisher shprakh, ed. Max Weinreich. New York: YIVO.
Toledo, Avraham. 1755 (1732). Koplas de Yosef Aṣadik. Constantinople.
Valdivielso, José de. 1854 (1604). Vida, excelencias y muerte del gloriosísimo patriarca San José, ed. Cayetano Rosell. Madrid: Rivadeneyra.
Weinreich, Max. 2008 (1973). History of the Yiddish Language. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Weinreich, Uriel. 1953. Languages in Contact. The Hague: Mouton.
Weinreich, Uriel. 1990 (1968). Modern English-Yiddish Yiddish-English Dictionary. New York: YIVO Institute for Jewish Research.
Wexler, Paul. 1982. Marrano Ibero-Romance: Classification and Research Tasks. Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie 98. 59–108.
All Time | Past 365 days | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 1435 | 255 | 48 |
Full Text Views | 57 | 1 | 0 |
PDF Views & Downloads | 128 | 6 | 0 |
Jewish languages contain a component derived from Hebrew and Aramaic, the earliest languages Jews used. We offer a historical comparative analysis of the structure and use of adjectives of Hebrew and Aramaic origin in the diverse spoken and written registers of Judezmo (Ladino, Judeo-Spanish) and Yiddish, the two major Jewish languages of the Sephardim and Ashkenazim of Europe. Attention is paid both to adjectives whose forms are entirely of Hebrew or Aramaic origin, as well as those constructed of bases of Hebrew and Aramaic origin, and derivational morphemes of Hispanic and Turkish origin (Judezmo), and Germanic and Slavic origin (Yiddish). The incorporation of the adjectives within the syntactic and semantic systems of Judezmo and Yiddish is examined, and comparisons made between the relative quantity and function of the adjectives in the two languages. It is meant as a model for the comparative study of the linguistic structures of Jewish languages.
All Time | Past 365 days | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 1435 | 255 | 48 |
Full Text Views | 57 | 1 | 0 |
PDF Views & Downloads | 128 | 6 | 0 |