In the later decades of the fifteenth century, adherents of the Safavid order started raiding the regions of the northern Caucasus and eastern Anatolia. As most of these raids involved Christian principalities, they have earned the Safavid shaikhs Joneyd and Haydar the reputation as ghāzis, as fighters for faith against the infidels. This paper explores how scribes from the sixteenth-century Safavid courtly sphere integrated the order’s early military activities into their narratives of the Safavid past. Further, it examines what sound information may be derived from the narratives on these poorly documented events. The paper concludes with the suggestions that a) those doing in history in Safavid times were much less concerned with Islamic “holy war” than modern historians are, and b) their narratives indicate that attempts to establish territorial rule may have outweighed the fight-for-faith motif.
Purchase
Buy instant access (PDF download and unlimited online access):
Institutional Login
Log in with Open Athens, Shibboleth, or your institutional credentials
Personal login
Log in with your brill.com account
Sadr al-Din Ebrāhim Amini, Fotuhāt-e shāhi: Tārikh-e Safavi az āghāz tā sāl-e 920 h. q., ed. M. Nasiri, Tehran, 2000/1383.
A. Anooshahr, “The Rise of the Safavids According to their Old Veterans: Amini Haraviʼs Futuhat-e shahi,” Iranian Studies 48.2 (March 2015), pp. 249–267.
A. Anooshahr, The Ghazi Sultans and the Frontiers of Islam: A comparative study of the late medieval and early modern periods, London/New York City, 2009.
J. Aubin, “L’avènement des Safavides reconsidéré (Études safavides iii),” Moyen Orient et Océan Indien 5 (1988), pp. 1–130.
A. A. Moin, The Millennial Sovereign: Sacred Kingship and Sainthood in Islam, New York City, 2012.
S. Bashir, “The Origins and Rhetorical Evolution of the Term Qizilbāsh in Persianate Literature,” JESHO 57.3 (2014), pp. 364–391.
S. Conermann, Historiographie als Sinnstiftung: Indo-persische Geschichtsschreibung während der Mogulzeit (932–1118/1516–1707), Wiesbaden, 2002.
S. F. Dale, The Muslim Empires of the Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals, Cambridge, 2010.
E. Daniel, The History of Iran, 2nd ed., Santa Barbara, 2012.
L. Darling, “Contested Territory: The Ottoman Holy War in Comparative Context,” Studia Islamica 91 (2000), pp. 133–163.
Fazlallāh b. Ruzbehān Khonji-Esfahāni, Tārikh-e ʿālam-ārā-ye Amini: Sharh-e hukm-rāni‑e salātin-e Āq Qoyunlu va zuhur-e Safaviyān, ed. M. A. ʿĀsheq, Tehran, 2003/1382.
T. Fahd, W. Heinrichs, and A. Abdesselem, “Saḏj̲ʿ,” in EI, 2nd ed., vol. 8, Leiden, 1995, pp. 732–738.
P. Fodor, “Aḥmedī’s Dāsitān as a Source of Early Ottoman History,” Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 38.1–2 (1984), pp. 41–54.
A. Gallagher, “Shah Ismaʿil’s Poetry in the Silsilat al-Nasab-i Safawiyya,” Iranian Studies 44.6 (November 2011), pp. 895–911.
Qāzi Ahmad Ghaffāri Qazvini, Tārikh-e jahān-ārā, ed. H. Naraqi, Tehran, 1964/1343.
M. Gronke, Derwische im Vorhof der Macht: Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte Nordwestirans im 13. und 14. Jahrhundert, Stuttgart, 1993.
W. Hinz, Irans Aufstieg zum Nationalstaat im fünfzehnten Jahrhundert, Berlin/Leipzig, 1936.
C. Imber, “Ideals and Legitimation in Early Ottoman History,” in M. Kunt and C. Woodhead, eds., Süleyman the Magnificent and His Age, London/New York City, 1995, pp. 138–153.
C. Imber, “What does ghazi actually mean?,” in Ç. Balım-Harding and C. Imber, eds., The Balance of Truth: Essays in Honour of Professor Geoffrey Lewis, Istanbul, 2000, pp. 165–178.
C. Kafadar, Between Two Worlds: The Construction of the Ottoman State, Berkley, 1995.
Amir Mahmud b. Khvāndamir, Tārikh-e Shāh Esmāʿil va Shāh Tahmāsb-e Safavi: Zeyl-e tārikh-e Habib al-siyar, ed. M. Jarrāhi, Tehran, 1991/1370.
Gheyās al-Din al-Hoseyni Khvāndamir, Tārikh-e Habib al-siyar fi akhbār afrād bashar, 4 vols., ed. J. Homāʾi, Tehran, 2001/1380.
H. Lowry, The Nature of the early Ottoman State, Albany, NY, 2003.
R. Matthee, “Safavid Dynasty,” in EIr., London/New York City, 28 July 2008; online: http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/safavids .
M. M. Mazzaoui, “The Ghāzī background of the Ṣafavid State,” Iqbāl Review 12. 3 (1971), pp. 79–90.
M. M. Mazzaoui, The Origins of the Ṣafawids: Šīʿism, Ṣūfism, and the Ġulāt, Wiesbaden, 1972.
C. Mitchell, ed., New Perspectives on Safavid Iran: Empire and Society, London/New York City, 2011.
K. Morimoto, “The Earliest ʿAlid Genealogy for the Safavids: New Evidence for the Pre-dynastic Claim to Sayyid status,” Iranian Studies 43.4 (September 2010), pp. 447–469.
Hamdallāh Mostowfi Qazvini, Tārikh-e gozida, ed. ʿA. Navāʾi, Tehran, 1960/1339.
A. Newman, Safavid Iran: Rebirth of a Persian Empire, London/New York City, 2006.
J. Paul, The State and the Military: The Samanid Case, Bloomington, 1994.
Budāq Monshi Qazvini, Javāher al-akhbār. Bakhsh-e tārikh-e Irān az Qarā Qoyunlu tā sāl‑e 984 h. q., ed. M. Bahrāmnezhād, Tehran, 2000/1378.
Yahyā Qazvini, Lobb al-tavārikh, ed. M. Mohaddes, Tehran, 2007/1386.
S. Quinn, Historical Writing During the Reign of Shah ʿAbbas: Ideology, Imitation and Legitimacy in Safavid Chronicles, Cambridge, 2000.
S. Quinn, “The Dreams of Shaykh Ṣafī al-Dīn in Late Safavid Chronicles,” in L. Marlow, ed., Dreaming Across Boundaries: The Interpretation of Dreams in Islamic Lands, Cambridge, 2008, pp. 221–234.
S. Quinn and C. Melville, “Safavid Historiography,” in C. Melville, ed., Persian Historiography: A History of Persian Literature, A History of Persian literature 10, London, 2012, pp. 209–257.
H. Roemer, “The Safavid Period,” in P. Jackson and L. Lockhart, eds., The Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 6, The Timurid and Safavid Periods, Cambridge, 1986, pp. 189–350.
H. Roemer, Persien auf dem Weg in die Neuzeit: Iranische Geschichte von 1350–1750, Stuttgart, 1989.
Hasan Beg Rumlu, Ahsan al-tavārikh, 3 vols., ed. ʿA. Navāʾi, Tehran, 2005/1384.
R. Savory, “The Emergence of the Modern Persian State under the Safavids,” Īrānshenāsī 2.2 (1971), pp. 1–44.
R. Savory, Iran under the Safavids, Cambridge, 1980.
ʿAbdi Beg Shirāzi, Takmelat al-akhbār: Tārikh-e Safaviyya az āghāz tā 978 hejri-ye qamari, ed. ʿA. Navāʾi, Tehran, 1990/1369.
R. Shukurov, “The Campaign of Shaykh Djunayd Ṣafawī against Trebizond (1456 ad/860 H),” Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies 17.1 (1993), pp. 127–140.
T. Trausch, Formen höfischer Historiographie im 16. Jahrhundert: Geschichtsschreibung unter den frühen Safaviden: 1501–1578, Vienna, 2015.
Eskandar Beg Torkmān, Tārikh-e ʿālam-ārā-ye ʿAbbāsi, ed. I. Afshār, 2 vols., Tehran, 2009/1387.
Mohammad Yusof Vāla Esfahāni, Khold-e barin: Irān dar ruzgār-e Safaviyān, ed. M. Mohaddes, Tehran, 2009/1387.
J. Wansbrough, “Res ipsa loquitor: History and Mimesis,” in H. Berg, ed., Method and Theory in the Study of Islamic Origins, Leiden, 2003, pp. 3–19.
P. Wittek, The Rise of the Ottoman Empire, London, 1958.
J. Woods, The Aq Qoyunlu: Clan, Confederation, Empire, Salt Lake City, 1999.
R. Yıldırım, “In the Name of Hoseyn’s Blood: The Memory of Karbala as Ideological Stimulus to the Safavid Revolution,” JPS 8.2 (2015), pp. 127–154.
All Time | Past 365 days | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 136 | 0 | 0 |
Full Text Views | 436 | 67 | 10 |
PDF Views & Downloads | 309 | 36 | 0 |
In the later decades of the fifteenth century, adherents of the Safavid order started raiding the regions of the northern Caucasus and eastern Anatolia. As most of these raids involved Christian principalities, they have earned the Safavid shaikhs Joneyd and Haydar the reputation as ghāzis, as fighters for faith against the infidels. This paper explores how scribes from the sixteenth-century Safavid courtly sphere integrated the order’s early military activities into their narratives of the Safavid past. Further, it examines what sound information may be derived from the narratives on these poorly documented events. The paper concludes with the suggestions that a) those doing in history in Safavid times were much less concerned with Islamic “holy war” than modern historians are, and b) their narratives indicate that attempts to establish territorial rule may have outweighed the fight-for-faith motif.
All Time | Past 365 days | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 136 | 0 | 0 |
Full Text Views | 436 | 67 | 10 |
PDF Views & Downloads | 309 | 36 | 0 |